Unweathered wood biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil
Open accessAbstract
Low‐temperature pyrolysis of biomass produces a product known as biochar The incorporation of this material into the soil has been advocated as a C sequestration method. Biochar also has the potential to influence the soil N cycle by altering nitrification rates and by adsorbing or NH 3 Biochar can be incorporated into the soil during renovation of intensively managed pasture soils. These managed pastures are a significant source of N 2 O, a greenhouse gas, produced in ruminant urine patches. We hypothesized that biochar effects on the N cycle could reduce the soil inorganic‐N pool available for N 2 O‐producing mechanisms. A laboratory study was performed to examine the effect of biochar incorporation into soil (20 Mg ha −1 ) on N 2 O‐N and NH 3 –N fluxes, and inorganic‐N transformations, following the application of bovine urine (760 kg N ha −1 ). Treatments included controls (soil only and soil plus biochar), and two urine treatments (soil plus urine and soil plus biochar plus urine). Fluxes of N 2 O from the biochar plus urine treatment were generally higher than from urine alone during the first 30 d, but after 50 d there was no significant difference ( P = 0.11) in terms of cumulative N 2 O‐N emitted as a percentage of the urine N applied during the 53‐d period; however, NH 3 –N fluxes were enhanced by approximately 3% of the N applied in the biochar plus urine treatment compared with the urine‐only treatment after 17 d. Soil inorganic‐N pools differed between treatments, with higher concentrations in the presence of biochar, indicative of lower rates of nitrification. The inorganic‐N pool available for N 2 O‐producing mechanisms was not reduced, however, by adding biochar.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Volatile organic compounds associated with a biochar or ethylene production can decrease nitrification activity.
“Volatile organic compounds associated with a biochar or ethylene production can decrease nitrification activity [62,64].”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
The Discussion says biochar contained VOCs, notes reported inhibition of the nitrifier Nitrosomonas by α-pinene, and describes a possible short-term slowing of ammonium oxidation. It does not address ethylene production or establish that the biochar’s VOCs caused the slowing. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies have found no differences or even increases in cumulative N2O emissions after biochar addition.
“while other studies have found no differences or even increases in cumulative N 2 O emissions after biochar addition [61-63].”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1987) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6 · Cited by 12,883 · see citing works
Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing
Forster, P. M. D. F., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P. E., Berntsen, T. K., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J. L., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., et al. (2007) · elib (German Aerospace Center) · Cited by 4,638 · see citing works
Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
Biochar for environmental management: science and technology
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-0296 · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 · Cited by 2,890 · see citing works
Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology
Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849770552 · Cited by 2,324 · see citing works
Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J. O., Thies, J., Luizão, F. J., Petersen, J., et al. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383 · Cited by 2,191 · see citing works
Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment
Chan, K. Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A., & Joseph, S. (2007) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr07109 · Cited by 1,902 · see citing works
Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide
Wrage, N., Velthof, G. L., Beusichem, M. L. V., & Oenema, O. (2001) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00096-7 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
Lehmann, J. (2007) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:bitb]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content
Crutzen, P. J. (1970) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.49709640815 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Rondon, M. A., Lehmann, J., Ramírez, J., & Hurtado, M. (2007) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Nutrient Cycling and Soil Fertility in the Grazed Pasture Ecosystem
Haynes, R. J., & Williams, P. H. (1993) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60794-4 · Cited by 1,285 · see citing works
Methods for chemical analysis of soils
Blakemore, L. C. ;. S. (1981) · doi:10.7931/dl1-sbsr-10a · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments
Chan, K. Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr08036 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Ghani, A., Dexter, M. M., & Perrott, K. W. (2003) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(03)00186-x · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
NEW ZEALAND SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Hewitt, A. E. (1993) · doi:10.7931/dl1-lrss-1-1993 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Lehmann, M. F., Bernasconi, S. M., Barbieri, A., & McKenzie, J. A. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00968-7 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Preston, C., & Schmidt, M. (2006) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-3-397-2006 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Measuring soil microbial biomass
Jenkinson, D. S. (2003) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.10.002 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Fire-Derived Charcoal Causes Loss of Forest Humus
Wardle, D. A., Nilsson, M., & Zackrisson, O. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1154960 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Yanai, Y., Toyota, K., & Okazaki, M. (2007) · Soil Science & Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00123.x · Cited by 603 · see citing works
New Zealand Soil Classification
Parfitt, R. (1994) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/0016-7061(94)90077-9 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests
DeLuca, T. H., MacKenzie, M. D., Gundale, M. J., & Holben, W. E. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0096 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Removal of nitrate-nitrogen from drinking water using bamboo powder charcoal.
Mizuta, K., Matsumoto, T., Hatate, Y., Nishihara, K., & Nakanishi, T. (2004) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.015 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Controls on black carbon storage in soils
CZIMCZIK, C. I., & Masiello, C. A. (2007) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2006gb002798 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors
McCarty, G. W. (1999) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s003740050518 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Steiner, C., Das, K. C., Garcia, M. V., Förster, B., & Zech, W. (2007) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.08.002 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Influence of pH over nitrifying biofilm activity in submerged biofilters
Villaverde, S. (1997) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00376-4 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil
Kim, E.-J., Oh, J., & Chang, Y. (2003) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00095-0 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Lehmann, J. C., CZIMCZIK, C. I., Laird, D., & Sohi, S. (2009) · Earthscan eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849770552-18 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Gas Chromatographic System for Precise, Rapid Analysis of Nitrous Oxide
Mosier, A. R., & Mack, L. (1980) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050048x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Measurement of nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen emissions from agricultural soils
Stevens, R. J., & Laughlin, R. J. (1998) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1023/a:1009715807023 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Vadivelu, V. M., Keller, J., & Yuan, Z. (2007) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2007.612 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sherlock, R., & Goh, K. M. (1984) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/bf01052715 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Dynamics of Phosphorus Forms and Retention in Manure-Amended Soils
Lehmann, J. C., Lan, Z., Hyland, C., et al. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es047997g · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ammonia Adsorption on Bamboo Charcoal with Acid Treatment
Asada, T., Ohkubo, T., Kawata, K., & Oikawa, K. (2006) · Eisei kagaku · doi:10.1248/jhs.52.585 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Footprints in the Soil, People and Ideas in Soil History
Clough, T. J. (2007) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0016br · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationKurose, K., Okamura, D., & Yatagai, M. (2006) · Flavour and Fragrance Journal · doi:10.1002/ffj.1609 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ward, B. B., Courtney, K. J., & Langenheim, J. H. (1997) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1023/b:joec.0000006668.48855.b7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Free Ammonia Inhibition of Nitrification in River Sediments Leading to Nitrite Accumulation
Smith, R. V., Burns, L. C., Doyle, R. M., Lennox, S. D., Kelso, B. H. L., Foy, R. H., & Stevens, R. J. (1997) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040016x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Some aspects of phosphate adsorption by charcoal.
Beaton, J. D., Peterson, H. B., & Bauer, N. (1960) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1960.03615995002400050012x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Footprints in the Soil : People and Ideas in Soil History
Warkentin, B. P. (2006) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
SIMPSON, R. F., & McQuilkin, R. M. (1976) · Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata · doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1976.tb02599.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Suppression of bacterial wilt of tomato by incorporation of municipal biowaste charcoal into soil
Toyota, K., Islam, T., Nishijima, T., Matsuoka, T., Sato, K., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2005) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Interdisciplinary intercomparison of black carbon analysis in soil and sediment
Schmidt, M. W. I., & Masiello, C. A. (2007) · Eos · doi:10.1029/2007eo350006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- In S. Solomon et al. (ed.) Climate change 2007: Th e Physical Basis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Hewitt, A.E. 1998. New Zealand soil classifi cation. 2nd ed. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, NZ.
- Rondon, M., J.A. Ramirez, and J. Lehmann. 2005. Charcoal additions reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. p. 208. In Proc. USDA Symp. on Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry, 3rd, Baltimore, MD. 21-24 Mar. 2005. Univ. of Delaware, Baltimore.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biochar effects on soil biota – A review
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022 · Cited by 5,074 · see citing works
Libra, J. A., Ro, K. S., Kammann, C., Funke, A., Berge, N. D., Neubauer, Y., Titirici, M.-M., Fühner, C., Bens, O., Kern, J., et al. (2011) · Biofuels · doi:10.4155/bfs.10.81 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: A meta-analysis
Biederman, L. A., & Harpole, W. S. (2013) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12037 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios
Spokas, K. A. (2010) · Carbon Management · doi:10.4155/cmt.10.32 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Tan, X., Huang, X., Zeng, G., Zhou, L., & Zheng, B. (2016) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-016-0372-z · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis
Cayuela, M. L., van Zwieten, L., Singh, B. P., Jeffery, S., Roig, A., & Sánchez-Monedero, M. A. (2014) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics
Clough, T., Condron, L., Kammann, C., & Müller, C. (2013) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy3020275 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
“Volatile organic compounds associated with a biochar or ethylene production can decrease nitrification activity [62,64].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnderson, C. R., Condron, L. M., Clough, T. J., Fiers, M., Stewart, A., Hill, R. A., & Sherlock, R. R. (2011) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.07.005 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Self-citationQambrani, N. A., Rahman, M. M., Won, S., Shim, S., & Ra, C. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.057 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Effects of biochar on soil available inorganic nitrogen: a review and meta-analysis
Nguyen, T. T. N., Xu, C.-Y., Tahmasbian, I., Che, R., Xu, Z., Zhou, X., Wallace, H. M., & Bai, S. H. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.004 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Kookana, R. S., Sarmah, A. K., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E., & Singh, B. (2011) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385538-1.00003-2 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Past, present, and future of biochar
Chen, W., Meng, J., Han, X., Lan, Y., & Zhang, W. (2019) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-019-00008-3 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Biochar and the Nitrogen Cycle: Introduction
Clough, T. J., & Condron, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0204 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Self-citationBiochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable
Taghizadeh-Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Sherlock, R. R., & Condron, L. M. (2012) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0870-3 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: a meta‐analysis
He, Y., Zhou, X., Jiang, L., Li, M., Du, Z., Zhou, G., Shao, J., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Hosseini Bai, S., et al. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12376 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Castaldi, S., Riondino, M., Baronti, S., Esposito, F. R., Marzaioli, R., Rutigliano, F. A., Vaccari, F. P., & Miglietta, F. (2011) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.031 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Kammann, C., Ratering, S., Eckhard, C., & Müller, C. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0132 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Biochar’s role as an alternative N-fertilizer: Ammonia capture
Spokas, K. A., Novak, J. M., & Venterea, R. T. (2012) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0930-8 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Advances and future directions of biochar characterization methods and applications
Igalavithana, A. D., Mandal, S., Niazi, N. K., Vithanage, M., Parikh, S. J., Mukome, F. N. D., Rizwan, M., Oleszczuk, P., Al-Wabel, M., Bolan, N., et al. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2017.1421844 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Taghizadeh‐Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Condron, L. M., Sherlock, R. R., Anderson, C. R., & Craigie, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0419 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions
Nelissen, V., Saha, B. K., Ruysschaert, G., & Boeckx, P. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.026 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Scheer, C., Grace, P. R., Rowlings, D. W., Kimber, S., & Van Zwieten, L. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Ducey, T. F., Ippolito, J. A., Cantrell, K. B., Novak, J. M., & Lentz, R. D. (2013) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.01.006 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Bruun, E. W., Müller‐Stöver, D., Ambus, P., & Hauggaard‐Nielsen, H. (2011) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01377.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Cai, Z.-C., Chang, S. X., Wang, J., & Zhang, J.-B. (2012) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-012-0687-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Yoo, G., & Kang, H. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0157 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Pereira, E. I. P., Suddick, E. C., Mansour, I., Mukome, F. N. D., Parikh, S. J., Scow, K., & Six, J. (2015) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Influence of biochar on nitrogen fractions in a coastal plain soil
Schomberg, H. H., Gaskin, J. W., Harris, K., Das, K. C., Novak, J. M., Busscher, W. J., Watts, D. W., Woodroof, R. H., Lima, I. M., Ahmedna, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0133 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Hagemann, N., Harter, J., Kaldamukova, R., Guzman‐Bustamante, I., Ruser, R., Graeff, S., Kappler, A., & Behrens, S. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12390 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Biochar and earthworm effects on soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions
Augustenborg, C. A., Hepp, S., Kammann, C., Hagan, D., Schmidt, O., & Müller, C. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0119 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The effect of a biochar temperature series on denitrification: which biochar properties matter?
Weldon, S., Rasse, D. P., Budai, A., Tomic, O., & Dörsch, P. (2019) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.04.018 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Schouten, S., van Groenigen, J. W., Oenema, O., & Cayuela, M. L. (2012) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01163.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clough, T. J., Bertram, J. E., Ray, J. L., Condron, L. M., O'Callaghan, M., Sherlock, R. R., & Wells, N. S.
- Affiliations
- Lincoln University (NZ)
- AgResearch Private Bag 4749 Lincoln New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Clough, T.J.
- Venue
- Soil Science Society of America Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 852-860
- ISSN
- 0361-5995 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-0661
- OpenAlex
- W1976597217
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 38.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Soil Science Society of America Journal (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lincoln University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- biochar, nitrous oxide emissions, ammonia volatilization, bovine urine, pasture soils, nitrification, soil nitrogen cycling, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, carbon sequestration, low-temperature pyrolysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
