An “elite hacker”: breast tumors exploit the normal microenvironment program to instruct their progression and biological diversity
Open accessAbstract
The year 2011 marked the 40 year anniversary of Richard Nixon signing the National Cancer Act, thus declaring the beginning of the "War on Cancer" in the United States. Whereas we have made tremendous progress toward understanding the genetics of tumors in the past four decades, and in developing enabling technology to dissect the molecular underpinnings of cancer at unprecedented resolution, it is only recently that the important role of the stromal microenvironment has been studied in detail. Cancer is a tissue-specific disease, and it is becoming clear that much of what we know about breast cancer progression parallels the biology of the normal breast differentiation, of which there is still much to learn. In particular, the normal breast and breast tumors share molecular, cellular, systemic and microenvironmental influences necessary for their progression. It is therefore enticing to consider a tumor to be a "rogue hacker"--one who exploits the weaknesses of a normal program for personal benefit. Understanding normal mammary gland biology and its "security vulnerabilities" may thus leave us better equipped to target breast cancer. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the heterotypic cellular and molecular interactions within the microenvironment of the developing mammary gland that are necessary for functional differentiation, provide evidence suggesting that similar biology--albeit imbalanced and exaggerated--is observed in breast cancer progression particularly during the transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive disease. Lastly we will present evidence suggesting that the multigene signatures currently used to model cancer heterogeneity and clinical outcome largely reflect signaling from a heterogeneous microenvironment-a recurring theme that could potentially be exploited therapeutically.
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An extensive body of experimental data indicates that remodeling of the extracellular matrix promotes cancer invasion and metastasis.
“There is an extensive body of experimental data indicating that remodeling of the ECM promotes cancer invasion and metastasis [42, 43].”
From The hypoxic tumor microenvironment: A driving force for breast cancer progression (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
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Early Dysregulation of Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix Pathways in Breast Cancer Progression
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Mammary Gland Reprogramming: Metalloproteinases Couple Form with FunctionPreprint
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Harbeck, N., Penault-Llorca, F., Cortes, J., Gnant, M., Houssami, N., Poortmans, P., Ruddy, K., Tsang, J., & Cardoso, F. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0111-2 · Cited by 3,024 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Boudreau, A., van't Veer, L. J., & Bissell, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boudreau, Aaron
- Bissell, Mina J.
- Venue
- Cell Adhesion & Migration
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 236-435
- ISSN
- 1933-6918 (ISSN-L)
- 1933-6926
- PMC
- PMC3427238
- OpenAlex
- W2051652089
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 211
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell Adhesion & Migration (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA151235, U54CA126552, U54CA143836, R37CA064786, R21CA152499, P50CA058207, U01CA143233, R01CA057621, P30CA082103, U54CA112970)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- breast cancer, tumor microenvironment, mammary gland development, carcinoma in situ, invasive breast cancer, tumor heterogeneity, multi-gene signature, tumor progression, stromal interactions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Extracellular Matrix, Female, Humans, Signal Transduction, Paracrine Communication, Mammary Glands, Human, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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