Molecular characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer
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Here we describe the comprehensive gene expression profiles of each cell type composing normal breast tissue and in situ and invasive breast carcinomas using serial analysis of gene expression. Based on these data, we determined that extensive gene expression changes occur in all cell types during cancer progression and that a significant fraction of altered genes encode secreted proteins and receptors. Despite the dramatic gene expression changes in all cell types, genetic alterations were detected only in cancer epithelial cells. The CXCL14 and CXCL12 chemokines overexpressed in tumor myoepithelial cells and myofibroblasts, respectively, bind to receptors on epithelial cells and enhance their proliferation, migration, and invasion. Thus, chemokines may play a role in breast tumorigenesis by acting as paracrine factors.
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component of the tumor microenvironment in most solid cancers.
“Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component of tumor microenvironment in most solid cancers.”
From Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Allinen et al., 2004
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Some Historical and Philosophical Reflections on the Myofibroblast Concept
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Self-citationMesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis
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Hypoxia and the extracellular matrix: drivers of tumour metastasis
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Environment-mediated drug resistance: A major contributor to minimal residual disease
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Stromal myofibroblasts are drivers of invasive cancer growth
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Stromal cells in tumor microenvironment and breast cancer
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- Authors
- Allinen, M., Beroukhim, R., Cai, L., Brennan, C., Lahti-Domenici, J., Huang, H., Porter, D., Hu, M., Chin, L., Richardson, A., Schnitt, S., Sellers, W. R., & Polyak, K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-32
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049820772
- Cited by
- 1,299
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 105
- FWCI
- 28.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- National Institutes of Health (5f32ca094788-02)
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- National Cancer Institute (CA 89393, P50 CA89393-01, P50 CA 89393, 5F32CA94788-02, P50CA089393, T32CA009172)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- breast cancer, tumor microenvironment, gene expression profiling, serial analysis of gene expression, tumor progression, secreted proteins, receptors, myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, CXCL14, CXCL12, chemokines, paracrine signaling, tumor epithelial cells, cell proliferation, cell migration, tumor invasion
- MeSH terms
- Breast, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma in Situ, Cell Division, Cell Movement, Epithelium, Female, Humans, Muscle, Smooth, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Proteins, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Biomarkers, Tumor, Gene Library, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast, Disease Progression, Chemokines, CXC, Gene Expression Profiling, Chemokine CXCL12
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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