Neurogenetics and Nutrigenomics of Neuro-Nutrient Therapy for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Clinical Ramifications as a Function of Molecular Neurobiological Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
In accord with the new definition of addiction published by American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) it is well-known that individuals who present to a treatment center involved in chemical dependency or other documented reward dependence behaviors have impaired brain reward circuitry. They have hypodopaminergic function due to genetic and/or environmental negative pressures upon the reward neuro-circuitry. This impairment leads to aberrant craving behavior and other behaviors such as Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Neurogenetic research in both animal and humans revealed that there is a well-defined cascade in the reward site of the brain that leads to normal dopamine release. This cascade has been termed the "Brain Reward Cascade" (BRC). Any impairment due to either genetics or environmental influences on this cascade will result in a reduced amount of dopamine release in the brain reward site. Manipulation of the BRC has been successfully achieved with neuro-nutrient therapy utilizing nutrigenomic principles. After over four decades of development, neuro-nutrient therapy has provided important clinical benefits when appropriately utilized. This is a review, with some illustrative case histories from a number of addiction professionals, of certain molecular neurobiological mechanisms which if ignored may lead to clinical complications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Disruptions in the Brain Reward Cascade reduce dopamine availability, contributing to craving and addiction.
“Disruptions in this cascade reduce dopamine availability, contributing to craving and addiction.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
The Brain Reward Cascade is a well-characterized neurochemical pathway leading to dopamine release.
“The “Brain Reward Cascade” (BRC) is a well-characterized neurochemical pathway leading to dopamine release.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
Neuro-nutrient therapies grounded in nutrigenomic principles have been developed over four decades to restore dopaminergic balance and show promising clinical results when appropriately applied.
“Neuro-nutrient therapies, grounded in nutrigenomic principles, have been developed over the past four decades to restore dopaminergic balance and show promising clinical results when appropriately applied.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
Individuals with substance use disorders suffer from impaired reward circuitry, often due to hypodopaminergic function caused by genetic or environmental factors.
“According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), individuals with SUDs suffer from impaired reward circuitry, often due to hypodopaminergic function caused by genetic or environmental factors.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Opiate Receptor: Demonstration in Nervous Tissue
Pert, C. B., & Snyder, S. H. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.179.4077.1011 · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
The blood–brain barrier: an overview
Ballabh, P., Braun, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016 · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
THE CELL BIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Rubin, L. L., & Staddon, J. M. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J. M., Lubar, J. F., Monastra, V. J., Miller, D., Lubar, J. O., Chen, T. J. H., & Comings, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2000.10736099 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Self-citationVolkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y.-S., Sedler, M., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Gatley, J., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2015 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
SLC6 Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation
Kristensen, A. S., Andersen, J., Jørgensen, T. N., Sørensen, L., Eriksen, J., Loland, C. J., Strømgaard, K., & Gether, U. (2011) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.108.000869 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and learning signals in brain reward circuitry
Smith, K. S., Berridge, K. C., & Aldridge, J. W. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1101920108 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Structure of the Blood–Brain Barrier and Its Role in the Transport of Amino Acids
Hawkins, R. A., O’Kane, R. L., Simpson, I. A., & Viña, J. R. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.218s · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier biology and methodology
Pardridge, W. M. (1999) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.3109/13550289909021285 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The D <sub>2</sub> Dopamine Receptor Gene as a Determinant of Reward Deficiency Syndrome
Blum, K., Sheridan, P. J., Wood, R. C., Braverman, E. R., Chen, T. J. H., phd, J. G. C., & Comings, D. E. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107689608900711 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationAddiction and Brain Reward and Antireward Pathways
Gardner, E. L. (2011) · Advances in psychosomatic medicine · doi:10.1159/000324065 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Transporter-Mediated Permeation of Drugs Across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Tamai, I., & Tsuji, A. (2000) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/1520-6017(200011)89:11 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors reduces alcohol self‐administration
Thanos, P. K., Volkow, N. D., Freimuth, P., Umegaki, H., Ikari, H., Roth, G., Ingram, D. K., & Hitzemann, R. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00492.x · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Relationship between dopaminergic neurotransmission, alcoholism, and reward deficiency syndrome
Bowirrat, A., & Oscar‐Berman, M. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30080 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Roles of glutamine in neurotransmission
Albrecht, J., Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz, M., Zielińska, M., & Aschner, M. (2010) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x11000093 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Moreira, F. A., Grieb, M., & Lutz, B. (2009) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.003 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction and its potential therapeutic value
Diana, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00064 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims
Delahanty, D. L., Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C., & Walsh, M. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.004 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Pistis, M., Ferraro, L., Pira, L., Flore, G., Tanganelli, S., Gessa, G. L., & Devoto, P. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03055-x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Blum, K., Gardner, E., Oscar-Berman, M., & Gold, M. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212798919110 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationDecreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers
Wang, G. J., Smith, L., Volkow, N. D., Telang, F., Logan, J., Tomasi, D., Wong, C. T., Hoffman, W., Jayne, M., Alia-Klein, N., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.86 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Hughes, J. W., Watkins, L. L., Blumenthal, J. A., Kuhn, C. M., & Sherwood, A. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.02.016 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots
van Diermen, D., Marston, A., Bravo, J., Reist, M., Carrupt, P., & Hostettmann, K. (2009) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.007 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Role for insulin signaling in catecholaminergic neurons in control of energy homeostasis
Könner, A. C., Hess, S., Tovar, S., Mesaros, A., Sánchez-Lasheras, C., Evers, N., Verhagen, L. A. W., Brönneke, H. S., Kleinridders, A., Hampel, B., et al. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.021 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Kipnis, J., Cardon, M., Avidan, H., Lewitus, G. M., Mordechay, S., Rolls, A., Shani, Y., & Schwartz, M. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0600-04.2004 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Bromocriptine in the treatment of alcoholics with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele
Lawford, B. R., Young, R. M., Rowell, J., Qualichefski, J., Fletcher, B. H., Syndulko, K., Ritchie, T. L., & Noble, E. P. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0495-337 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A dopamine transporter gene functional variant associated with cocaine abuse in a Brazilian sample
Guindalini, C., Howard, M., Haddley, K., Laranjeira, R., Collier, D. A., Ammar, N., Craig, I., OʼGara, C., Bubb, V. J., Greenwood, T. A., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504789103 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Marc, D. T., Ailts, J. W., Campeau, D. A., Bull, M. J., & Olson, K. L. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Importance of Using Scientific Principles in the Development of Medicinal Agents from Plants
Talalay, P., & Talalay, P. (2001) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200103000-00010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
von Euler, U. S., Hellner-Bjorkman, S., & Orwen, I. (1955) · PubMed · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Methamphetamine-Evoked Depression of GABAB Receptor Signaling in GABA Neurons of the VTA
Padgett, C. L., Lalive, A. L., Tan, K. R., Terunuma, M., Munoz, M. B., Pangalos, M. N., Hernández, J. M., Watanabe, M., Moss, S. J., Luján, R., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.031 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
D2R DNA transfer into the nucleus accumbens attenuates cocaine self-administration in rats
Thanos, P. K., Michaelides, M., Umegaki, H., & Volkow, N. D. (2008) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20523 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Excretion of Noradrenaline, Adrenaline, and Hydroxytyramine in Urine
von Euler, U. S., & Hellner, S. (1951) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1951.tb00765.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Blum, K., Chen, T. J. H., Morse, S. A., Giordano, J., Chen, A. L. C., Thompson, J. T., Allen, C., Smolen, A., Lubar, J. F., Stice, E. M., et al. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2237 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationAnimal Models of Sugar and Fat Bingeing: Relationship to Food Addiction and Increased Body Weight
Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., & Hoebel, B. G. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_23 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Otte, C., Neylan, T. C., Pipkin, S. S., Browner, W. S., & Whooley, M. A. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2139 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zijlstra, F., Booij, J., van den Brink, W., & Franken, I. H. A. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.11.002 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dopamine D2R DNA transfer in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice: effects on ethanol drinking
Thanos, P. K., Rivera, S. N., Weaver, K., Grandy, D. K., Rubinstein, M., Umegaki, H., Wang, G. J., Hitzemann, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.061 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Ohtsuki, S. (2004) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1489 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Enkephalinase inhibition: Regulation of ethanol intake in genetically predisposed mice
Blum, K., Briggs, A. H., Trachtenberg, M. C., DeLallo, L., & Wallace, J. E. (1987) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/0741-8329(87)90084-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationCentonze, D. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00299-8 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Chen, A. L.-C., Chen, T. J. H., Waite, R. L., Reinking, J., Tung, H. L., Rhoades, P., Downs, B. W., Braverman, E., Braverman, D., Kerner, M., et al. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.059 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder
Baker, G. B., Bornstein, R. A., Rouget, A. C., Ashton, S., Muyden, J. C. V., & Coutts, R. T. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90207-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Blum, K., Chen, T. J. H., Downs, B. W., Bowirrat, A., Waite, R. L., Braverman, E. R., Madigan, M. A., Oscar‐Berman, M., DiNubile, N. A., Stice, E. M., et al. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2087 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationStriatal plasticity in Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesia
Iravani, M. M., McCreary, A. C., & Jenner, P. G. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70038-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking dopamine D 3 receptors
Song, R., Zhang, H., Li, X., Bi, G., Gardner, E. L., & Xi, Z. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205297109 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ethanol acceptance as a function of genotype amounts of brain [Met]enkephalin.
Blum, K., Elston, S. F. A., DeLallo, L., Briggs, A. H., & Wallace, J. E. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.21.6510 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationBlum, K., Trachtenberg, M. C., Elliott, C. E., Dingler, M. L., Sexton, R. L., Samuels, A. I., & Cataldie, L. (1988) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/0741-8329(88)90087-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationCobos, J. P. D. L., Trujols, J., Ribalta, E., & Casas, M. (1997) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952999709040946 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chronic pharmacological manipulation of dopamine receptors in brain
Jenner, P. (1987) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(87)90072-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hu, X. J., & Ticku, M. K. (1994) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)10146-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Morphine suppression of ethanol withdrawal in mice
Blum, K., Wallace, J. E., Schwerter, H. A., et al. (1976) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01932634 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, T. J. H., Blum, K., Payte, J. T., Schoolfield, J. D., Hopper, D., Stanford, M., & Braverman, E. R. (2004) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.051 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurodynamics of Relapse Prevention: A Neuronutrient Approach to Outpatient DUI Offenders
Brown, R. J., Blum, K., & Trachtenberg, M. C. (1990) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1990.10472542 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBiological Contribution to Social Influences on Alcohol Drinking: Evidence from Animal Models
Anacker, A. M. J., & Ryabinin, A. E. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7020473 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Brain SPECT Imaging in Complex Psychiatric Cases: An Evidence-Based, Underutilized Tool
Amen, D., Trujillo, M., Newberg, A. B., Willeumier, K. C., Tarzwell, R., Wu, J. C., & Chaitin, B. F. (2011) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/1874440001105010040 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Reward deficiency syndrome in obesity: A preliminary cross-sectional trial with a genotrim variant
Blum, K., Chen, T. J. H., Meshkin, B., Downs, B. W., Gordon, C. A., Blum, S. H., Mengucci, J. F., Braverman, E. R., Arcuri, V., Varshavskiy, M., et al. (2006) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02850224 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, D. K., Bowirrat, A., Manka, M., Miller, M., Stokes, S., Manka, D., Allen, C., Gant, C. E., Downs, B. W., Smolen, A., et al. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2236 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationNORADRENALINE OUTPUT IN URINE AFTER INFUSION IN MAN
von Euler, U. S., & Luft, R. (1951) · British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1951.tb00640.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Li, Y., Shao, C., Zhang, D., Zhao, M., Lin, L., Yan, P., Xie, Y., Jiang, K., & Li, J. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30264 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Peptides with Morphine-like Action in the Brain
Kosterlitz, H. W., & Hughes, J. M. (1977) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.130.3.298 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
LG839: Anti-obesity effects and polymorphic gene correlates of reward deficiency syndrome
Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Chen, T. J. H., Rhoades, P., Prihoda, T. J., Downs, B. W., Waite, R. L., Williams, L., Braverman, E. R., Braverman, D., et al. (2008) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-008-0093-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationParker, J. G., Wanat, M. J., Soden, M. E., Ahmad, K. T., Zweifel, L. S., Bamford, N. S., & Palmiter, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1715-11.2011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Drug Experience Epigenetically Primes Fosb Gene Inducibility in Rat Nucleus Accumbens
Damez-Werno, D. M., LaPlant, Q. C., Sun, H., Scobie, K. N., Dietz, D., Walker, I. M., Koo, J. W., Vialou, V., Mouzon, E., Russo, S. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1290-12.2012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Whole brain methionine-enkephalin of ethanol-avoiding and ethanol-preferring C57BL mice
Blum, K., Briggs, A. H., DeLallo, L., Elston, S. F. A., & Ochoa, R. (1982) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01955775 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, T. J. H., Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Bowirrat, A., Downs, W. B., Madigan, M. A., Waite, R. L., Bailey, J. A., Kerner, M. M., Yeldandi, S., et al. (2011) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.587393 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSarkar, D. K., Zhang, C., Murugan, S., Dokur, M., Boyadjieva, N. I., Ortigüela, M., Reuhl, K. R., & Mojtehedzadeh, S. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1610 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tateno, T., & Robinson, H. P. C. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00162.2011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Blum, K., Chen, T. J. H., Meshkin, B., Waite, R. L., Downs, B. W., Blum, S. H., Mengucci, J. F., Arcuri, V., Braverman, E. R., & Palomo, T. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.062 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSuppression of ethanol withdrawal by dopamine
Blum, K., Eubanks, J. D., Wallace, J. E., & Schwertner, H. A. (1976) · Experientia · doi:10.1007/bf01920816 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention for detoxified heroin addicts
Chen, D., Liu, Y., He, W., Wang, H., & Wang, Z. (2012) · Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] · doi:10.1007/s11596-012-0073-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Moreira, A. B., Dias, I. L. T., Neto, G. O., et al. (2005) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.02.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Imaging neurotransmitter release by drugs of abuse.
Martinez, D., & Narendran, R. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_34 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Opioid peptides and alcoholism: genetic deficiency and chemical management.
Blum, K., & Topel, H. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationL-DOPA: Effect on Ethanol Narcosis and Brain Biogenic Amines in Mice
Blum, K., Calhoun, W. J., Merritt, J. H., et al. (1973) · Nature · doi:10.1038/242407a0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationBlum, K., Trachtenberg, M. C., & Ramsay, J. C. (1988) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826088809058853 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEthanol ingestive behavior as a function of central neurotransmission
Blum, K., Briggs, A. H., & Trachtenberg, M. C. (1989) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01952026 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe top 20 dopamine transporter mutants: structure–function relationships and cocaine actions
Uhl, G. R., & Lin, Z. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.058 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Limbic responses to reward cues correlate with antisocial trait density in heavy drinkers
Oberlin, B. G., Dzemidzic, M., Bragulat, V., Lehigh, C. A., Talavage, T., O'Connor, S. J., & Kareken, D. A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.043 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Chen, T. J. H., Blum, K., Waite, R. L., Meshkin, B., Schoolfield, J. D., Downs, B. W., Braverman, E. E., Arcuri, V., Varshavskiy, M., Blum, S. H., et al. (2007) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf02849910 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancement of Attention Processing by Kantroll™ in Healthy Humans: A Pilot Study
DeFrance, J. F., Hymel, C., Trachtenberg, M. C., Ginsberg, L. D., Schweitzer, F. C., Estes, S. L., Chen, T. J. H., Braverman, E. R., Cull, J. G., & Blum, K. (1997) · Clinical Electroencephalography · doi:10.1177/155005949702800204 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationA COMT gene haplotype associated with methamphetamine abuse
Jugurnauth, S. K., Chen, C., Barnes, M. R., Li, T., Lin, S., Liu, H., Collier, D. A., & Breen, G. D. (2011) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e32834a53f9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bowirrat, A., Chen, T. J. H., Oscar‐Berman, M., Madigan, M. A., Chen, A. L., Bailey, J. A., Braverman, E. R., Kerner, M., Giordano, J., Morse, S. A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8247-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, M., Chen, A. L., Stokes, S. D., Silverman, S. W., Bowirrat, A., Manka, M., Manka, D., Miller, D. K., Perrine, K. R., Chen, T. J. H., et al. (2012) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.737727 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, D. E., & Landry, M. J. (1990) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(90)90046-s · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid GABA Measurements
Manyam, B. V., & Hare, T. A. (1983) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-198303000-00003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Early Effects of Paroxetine on Serotonin Storage, Plasma Levels, and Urinary Excretion
Kotzailias, N., Marker, M., & Jilma, B. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000138765.08235.46 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Blum, K., Chen, T. J. H., Downs, B. W., Meshkin, B., Blum, S. H., Pons, M. M., Mengucci, J. F., Waite, R. L., Arcuri, V., ., M. V., et al. (2007) · Trends in Applied Sciences Research · doi:10.3923/tasr.2007.132.138 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of GABAB ligands on alcohol withdrawal in mice
HUMENIUK, R. E., White, J. M., & Ong, J. A. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90069-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Studies Linking Smoking-Cessation Drug With Suicide Risk Spark Concerns
Kuehn, B. M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.293 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Improvement of Cocaine-Induced Neuromodulator Deficits by the Neuronutrient Tropamine™
Trachtenberg, M. C., & Blum, K. (1988) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1988.10472501 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant
Després, J., Gaal, L. V., Pi‐Sunyer, X., & Scheen, A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60261-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Neuronutrient effects on weight loss in carbohydrate bingers: an open clinical trial.
Blum, K., Trachtenberg, M. C., & Cook, D. (1990) · Current Therapeutic Research · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBlum, K., Giordano, J., Morse, S. A., Liu, Y., Tan, J., Bowirrat, A., Smolen, A., Waite, R., Madigan, M. A., Kerner, M. M., et al. (2010) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic Drug Monitoring of Nortriptyline in Smoking Cessation: A Multistudy Analysis
Mooney, M., Reus, V. I., Gorecki, J., Hall, S., Humfleet, G. L., Muñoz, R., & Delucchi, K. (2007) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100307 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dopamine Affects the Change of Pain-Related Electrical Activity Induced by Morphine Dependence
Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Yang, C., Jin, H., Yang, Y., & Xu, M.-Y. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-011-0690-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
NeuRecover-SATM in the Treatment of Cocaine Withdrawal and Craving
Cold, J. A. (1996) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/00044011-199612010-00001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Blum, K., Cull, J. G., Chen, T. J. H., Garcia-Swan, S., Holder, J. M., Wood, R. G., Braverman, E. R., Bucci, L. R., & Trachtenberg, M. G. (1997) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/s0011-393x(97)80108-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBlum, K., & Trachtenberg, M. C. (1988) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1988.10472500 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating Methamphetamine Craving Using the Extinction-Reinstatement Model in the Rat
Kufahl, P. R., & Olive, M. F. (2012) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s1-003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ethanol narcosis in mice: Serotonergic involvement
Blum, K., Wallace, J. E., Calhoun, W. J., et al. (1974) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01939005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationBlum, K., Chen, A. L., Chen, T. J., Bowirrat, A., Waite, R. L., Kerner, M. M., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Rhoades, P., Reinking, J. L., et al. (2009) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAnorexigen-related cardiopulmonary toxicity.
Gross, S. B., & Lepor, N. E. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Blum, K., Giordano, J., Morse, S. A., Anderson, A., Carbajal, J., Waite, R., Downs, B. W., Downs, J. M., Madigan, M. A., Barh, D., et al. (2011) · IIOAB Letters · doi:10.5195/iioablett.2011.9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationQSAR study and synthesis of new phenyltropanes as ligands of the dopamine transporter (DAT)
Mavel, S., Mincheva, Z., Méheux, N., et al. (2012) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to parenteral 5-hydroxytryptamine in the neonate chick
Hanig, J. P., Aiello, E., & Seifter, J. (1970) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(70)90063-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Alcohol and central nervous system peptides.
Blum, K. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMethionine enkephalin as a possible neuromodulator of regional cerebral blood flow
Blum, K., Gaskill, H. V., DeLallo, L., et al. (1985) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01970019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationJiaJun, Y., Aiyun, H., Shanshan, Z., & Minhong, Z. (2011) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.01.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cocchi, R., & Tornati, A. (1977) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06675.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Klemperer, D. (2010) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0277 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
High Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging in a Clinical Substance Abuse Practice
Amen, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [1]Blum K Kozlowski GP Ollat H Parvez S Parvez H Ethanol and neuromodulators interaction: a cascade model of reward Alcohol and Behavior 1990 VSP Press Utrecht The Netherlands
- [74]Zhang Y Zhang F Yang C Jin H Yang Y Dopamine affects the change of pain-related electrical activity induced by morphine dependence Neurochem Res 2012 37 977 982 22240902
- [118]1st Conference on Reward Deficiency Syndrome: Genetic Antecedents and Clinical Pathways San Francisco, California, USA 11247387
- [123]Braverman ER Braverman D Acrui V Kerner M Downs BW Sustainable Weight Loss and Muscle Gain Utilizing the Rainbow Diet™: Targeting Noradrenergic and dopaminergic Mechanistic Sites, Hormonal Deficiency Repletion Therapy and Exercise: A case report The American Journal of Bariatric Medicine 2010 25 18 28
- [124]Miller Merlene Chen Amanda LC Stokes Stan D Silverman Susan Bowirrat Abdalla Early Intervention of Intravenous KB220IV- Neuroadaptagen Amino-Acid Therapy (NAAT)™ Improves Behavioral Outcomes in a Residential Addiction Treatment Program: A Pilot Study J Psychoactive PMC4074362 23457891
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Role of Nutrition in Addiction Recovery
Wiss, D. A. (2019) · The Assessment and Treatment of Addiction · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54856-4.00002-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Blum, K., Gold, M., Jafari, N., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Sharafshah, A., Mohankumar, K., Lorio, M., Bowirrat, A., Pinhasov, A., Thanos, K., et al. (2026) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s561157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“72 Adolescence is a key period of vulnerability for addiction, during which environmental exposures can epigenetically activate or suppress inherited risk factors.”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Blum, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blum, Kenneth
- ORCID
- Blum, Kenneth
- Venue
- Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy
- Publisher
- OMICS Publishing Group
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 03
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 139-139
- ISSN
- 2155-6105 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3733258
- OpenAlex
- W2156039239
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 7.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA007112, K05AA000219)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- reward deficiency syndrome, nutrigenomics, dopamine release, addiction, substance use disorders, craving, genetic susceptibility, medical complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
