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Cited by 14Archaeological Research and ProtectionAmazonian Archaeology and EthnohistoryArchaeology and Cultural Heritage

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Open access
Castro-Priego, Manuel, Olmo-Enciso, Lauro, Labrada-Ochoa, Marcos Octavio, Jijón-Porras, Juan Andrés, García-Campoverde, Juan Alejandro·2021·Virtual Archaeology Review
DOI 10.4995/var.2021.14891
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Abstract

The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has revolutionised pre-Hispanic archaeology in large tracts of Central America (Canuto et. al. 2018; Fisher et al. 2016; Garrison et al. 2019; Chase & Weishampel, 2016). This contribution is particularly significant in areas in which jungles and a complex orography had precluded the implementation of large-scale landscape archaeology studies. Although this technology has not been used in South America as intensively as in Central America (Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, among others), LiDAR is beginning to be used to answer questions concerning the interaction between the landscape, pre-Hispanic societies and their economic exploitation strategies (Amazonia, Peru) (Van Valkenburg et al., 2020). This work analyses one of the most important archaeological areas in central Ecuador, Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo (Figs. 1 & 2), which has traditionally been identified as a major centre of the Manteña culture. This culture spanned the current provinces of Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas between the 8 th and 15 th centuries AD. Although the site was discovered in the early 20th century (Saville, 1907 & 1910; Estrada, 1957) on the slopes and summits of the Chongón-Colonche and Balzar hills range (formerly called Sierra de Bálsamo), it has not been until recent moments that the characterization of its extension, its spatial conformation, as well as the main geoarchaeological characteristics of the site have begun to be possible (López, 2008; Delgado, 2009; Tobar, 2012; Lunniss, 2012; Veintimilla-Bustamante, 2012). The limitations of previous studies were largely due to the prevalence of thick sub-tropical forests, whose trees are sometimes 14 m tall. In 2016, a large-scale LiDAR flight covering 147.78 km² at a density of 9 ppm² has revealed the main features of the archaeological complex, including various sites that illustrate a multi-nuclear settlement pattern (Figs. 5, 8 & 10). The study suggests that settlements, between 0.5 and 3 ha in size (Fig. 8), followed a common pattern, standing on small long hilltop plateaus. The complexes were visually connected and were linked by a road network. There is little doubt that one of the most important discoveries concerns the relationship between archaeological sites and complex agrarian systems, which point to the exploitation of wide areas. These had irrigation systems that involved rainwater retention and water resources maximisation (Figs. 6 & 8). The system made intensive rainwater use during the humid season (December-May); it also took advantage of the coastal mists that ensure precipitations on the hilltops. At the same time, the LiDAR survey has established differences between the settlement pattern in the north-eastern sector, in which the interaction between settlements and the agro-system is not so obvious, and the south-western sector, whose settlements are clearly related to wide terraced systems. These results will allow for comparisons between Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo and other known Manteño sites, such as Japotó (Bouchard, 2010), Agua Blanca (McEwan & Silva, 1992) and Ligüiqui. All of them point to the continued occupation of the same areas, and the continuity of some sites at least between the Guangala period (500 BC.-600 AD) and the late Manteño period (12 th-15 th centuries), as seen in Salango and its territory (Béarez, Gay & Lunniss, 2012). Most research in the 20 th century has argued for an increase in social complexity during the classic Manteño period (8 th-11 th centuries), following a diffusionist explanatory pattern (Estrada, 1957). However, the LiDAR analysis of the Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo site points to prolonged periods of stable management of the environment, a response to the need to make use of the available resources. Archaeology, through large-scale landscape studies and the in-depth characterisation of sites through wide-ranging sampling methodologies can contribute to answering the question as to whether environmental management led to the formation of a “Manteño state” or whether this society can be better defined as a chiefdom (Touchard-Houlbert, 2010). Highlights: The study focused on the LiDAR research of the Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo, the most important pre-Hispanic site in the Manabi province (Ecuador). LiDAR technology has allowed users to identify an intense occupation in a forest area, where until now, it was impossible to detect archaeological structures. The study has established the close relationship between the pre-Hispanic occupation model and the use of complex irrigation systems.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

LiDAR survey of Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo revealed a large pre-Hispanic Manteño-Huancavilca landscape with 43 settlement complexes and extensive terraced agriculture/irrigation. The study argues for a polynuclear occupation model closely tied to complex water management, while stressing that chronology and function still require field verification.

Key findings

  • LiDAR over 147 km² identified archaeological spaces initially covering 1100 ha, including 43 complexes of 0.5–11 ha with a total area of 191.34 ha; habitation units were mostly 0.5–3 ha.
  • Agrarian terraced systems covered 857 ha, a ratio of 4.5 ha of agrarian space per habitation unit; agrarian networks reached up to 2.13 km, and the Area 206 agrarian complex extended 2.6 km with a sustained 12–13% slope.
  • Area 206 had a platform 365 m long by 40 m wide at 350 m altitude, associated with more than 140 ha of agrarian space; structures reached 50 m long and 12 m wide, with tripartite Model B and five-building Model A arrangements, and 28 fragments of a Manteña U-shaped chair were recovered.
  • The occupation model was polynuclear, with settlements on hilltops linked to terraces, canals, possible albarradas/jaguares, and water-control systems; southern-sector structures were dated to the 11th–14th centuries AD, supporting endogenous long-term landscape management.

Methods

  • Airborne LiDAR and aerial photography were acquired 21–23 August 2016 by the Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador over 147 km², during the dry season, at 630 m altitude and 45 m/s, using a Trimble AX80 laser (360 kHz, 60º scan angle) and Trimble IQ180 camera; 5,581 photographs and 39 flight lines were produced, with GNSS and seven ground control points and an RMSE of 0.60 m.
  • Data were processed with LPMaster and DTMaster, dividing the area into 25 ha tiles; classification was automatic then manually cleaned, with two final classes (low vegetation and ground) for digital terrain models. Orthophotos used 40% lateral and 60% longitudinal overlap and 6 cm GSD, processed with ZI Orthopro/Geomedia and Cubic convolution; ArcGIS 10.3 and GlobalMapper 18 were used for slope/aspect and photointerpretation.
  • Intensive archaeological surface surveys concentrated in the southern central sector to verify LiDAR results and compare them with known Manteño-Huancavilca sites such as Agua Blanca and Ligüiqui.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it is not yet possible to establish the diachrony of all LiDAR-detected complexes; some isolated structures may reflect functional hierarchy or different occupation periods, and deeper comparison plus intensive field archaeology is needed.
  • The paper states that eastern and western sectors vary in dimensions and agrarian spatiality, that analysis should be extended to other Manteña areas such as Agua Blanca and Jipijapa, and that a future LiDAR flight should increase point density and returns.
  • Evident from the text: interpretations rely on photointerpretation and surface verification, many terrace structures have not yet been excavated, and LiDAR provides a present-day “fixed image” that cannot alone resolve synchrony or diachrony.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4995/var.2021.14891

Cites

58 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 40 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The basic unit of archaeological habitation space, from the calculation of the dimensionality of the different settlements, is mostly between 0.5 and 3 ha.

    “La unidad básica del espacio de habitación arqueológico, a partir del cálculo de la dimensionalidad de los distintos asentamientos, se sitúa mayoritariamente entre 0.5 y 3 ha.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The LiDAR application over a broad surface of the humid forest where Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo is located has provided a broad image of a polynuclear occupation model associated with complex agrarian systems.

    “su utilización sobre una amplia superficie del bosque húmedo donde se asienta el complejo arqueológico de Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo, ha aportado una imagen amplia de un modelo de ocupación polinuclear asociado a sistemas agrarios complejos.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    This aspect is contrastable in the fact that most agrarian terraces use the complete extension of the slopes, in order to ensure the maintenance of the slope and the water supply of the lower sectors.

    “Este aspecto es contrastable en el hecho de que la mayoría de las terrazas agrarias aprovechan la extensión completa de las laderas, con el fin de asegurar el mantenimiento de la pendiente y la alimentación hídrica de los sectores inferiores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    LiDAR technology has allowed identifying an intense occupation in a forest area where until now it was impossible to detect archaeological structures.

    “LiDAR technology has allowed users to identify an intense occupation in a forest area, where until now, it was impossible to detect archaeological structures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    More complex organizations are also observable, such as the lower terrace in Area 201, with a complex formed by five buildings (Model A).

    “Aunque también es posible observar organizaciones más complejas, como las de la terraza inferior en el Área 201 (Figs. 5 y 10), con una estructuración de un complejo formado por cinco edificaciones (Modelo A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 29
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 8
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In the case of complex 206 (El Secal and La Victoria), located in Cerro de las Niguas, of which there was no prior information, a habitation complex has been identified, concentrated on an upper platform 365 m long by 40 m wide and situated at an altitude of 350 m, around an agrarian space of more than 140 ha.

    “En el caso del conjunto 206 (”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Within Area 206, several fragments-28 in total-presumably belonging to a single U-shaped Manteña chair were found and subsequently rescued.

    “es importante destacar el hallazgo y posterior rescate de varios fragmentos -de un total de 28-presumiblemente pertenecientes a un único ejemplar de las célebres sillas Manteñas en forma de”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    One central aspect visualized in the photointerpretation process is the close relationship of habitat spaces with a complex agrarian landscape, marked by the use of terraces and intensive water use, aspects that characterize the occupation pattern with considerable homogeneity.

    “Uno de los aspectos centrales visualizados en el proceso de fotointerpretación es la estrecha relación de los espacios de hábitat con un paisaje agrario complejo, marcado por la utilización en terrazas, y un aprovechamiento intensivo del agua, aspectos que caracterizan, con bastante homogeneidad, el patrón de ocupación del espacio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    A recurrent element observed in the areas identified in this sector (206, 211-216) is the concentration of larger structures in the lower terrace, forming a tripartite model of contiguous structures, with dimensions of some buildings reaching 50 m in length and 12 m in width (Model B).

    “Un elemento recurrente que se ha observado en las áreas identificadas en este sector (206,(211)(212)(213)(214)(215)(216) (Fig. 10), es la concentración de las estructuras de mayor tamaño en la terraza inferior formando un modelo tripartito de estructuras contiguas, con unas dimensiones de algunas de las edificaciones que alcanza los 50 m de longitud y 12 m de anchura (Modelo B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Habitat nuclei are located in the highest spaces, taking advantage of small peaks, many of them longitudinally shaped and on surfaces that sometimes barely exceed 70 m in width.

    “De hecho, los núcleos de hábitat se sitúan en los espacios más elevados aprovechando las pequeñas cimas (Figs. 6 y 8), muchas de ellas conformadas de forma longitudinal y sobre superficies que, en algunas ocasiones, escasamente superan los 70 m de anchura.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    A large number of complexes (43) have been distinguished, with an extension between 0.5-11 ha, corresponding possibly to habitation or ceremonial spaces, with a total surface of 191.34 ha.

    “Se han distinguido un gran número de conjuntos (43), con una extensión entre 0.5-11 ha, que corresponden, posiblemente, a espacios habitacionales o ceremoniales con una superficie total de 191.34 ha.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The largest habitation complexes are organized around a central axis, forming homogeneous nuclei, structured in several superimposed terraces with a height difference of approximately 10 m between the lower and upper distributions.

    “Los conjuntos habitacionales más extensos se organizan en torno a un eje central, formando núcleos homogéneos, estructurados en varias terrazas superpuestas y con una diferencia de altura de aproximadamente 10 m entre las distribuciones inferiores y las superiores (Figs. 8, 9 y 11).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The settlement pattern of this last sector is organized, as in nearby sites (213, 214, 215, 216), from a set of terraces, distinguishing the internal road, coincident with the layout of canalizations, which cross the complex from north to south, plus a pit like a well.

    “El patrón de asentamiento de este último sector se organiza, al igual que en los sitios próximos (213, 214, 215, 216) a partir de un conjunto de terrazas (Fig. 11), distinguiéndose el viario interno, coincidente con el trazado de las canalizaciones, que atraviesan el conjunto de norte a sur y al que se le suma una fosa a modo de pozo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Although it is not a nuclearized habitat, the different settlements are located close to one another.

    “Aunque no se trata de un hábitat nuclearizado, los distintos asentamientos se sitúan próximos unos de otros.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The average size of the terraces is 18.5 m2 in those located northwest of area 206, and 24 m2 in those linked to settlement 216 and the southern sector of site 206.

    “El tamaño medio se sitúa en los 18.5 m², en las situadas al noroeste del área 206, y de 24 m², en las vinculadas al asentamiento 216 y el sector meridional del sitio 206.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In the southeastern sector of the Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo Archaeological Complex, a polynuclear model with fewer terraces is visible, suggesting a different use of the immediate space.

    “en el sector sureste se visualiza, en cambio, un modelo polinuclear en el que existe una menor presencia de terrazas que parece corresponder a una utilización del espacio inmediato con connotaciones diferentes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: LiDAR-derived visualizations accurately represent prehispanic archaeological features in the study area.
    • Rests on an assumption: The detected archaeological complexes and agrarian spaces date to the Manteño-Huancavilca period (800-1550 AD).

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The disposition of the terraces is perpendicular to the peaks, with stone structures of sloped disposition.

    “La disposición de las terrazas es perpendicular a las cimas, con estructuras en piedra de disposición ataludada.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    No existence of superimposed terracing systems is observed, which suggests the stability of the system during a prolonged period of use in all sectors.

    “No se observa la existencia de sistemas de aterrazamientos superpuestos, lo que sugiere la estabilidad del sistema durante un periodo prolongado de uso en todos los sectores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The detected habitational spaces occupy 191.34 ha, with a dominant value of 2.5 ha.

    “Resulta significativo que, frente al conjunto de espacios habitacionales detectados, que ocupan una extensión de 191.34 ha, con un valor dominante de 2.5 ha, el conjunto de la explotación agraria sea de 857 ha.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: LiDAR-derived visualizations accurately represent prehispanic archaeological features in the study area.
    • Rests on an assumption: The detected archaeological complexes and agrarian spaces date to the Manteño-Huancavilca period (800-1550 AD).

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Around settlement 206, a large agrarian complex has been analyzed that extends south, reaching a length of 2.6 km, maintaining a stable slope between 12 and 13% sustained, and ensuring water supply to the various agrarian platforms.

    “En torno al asentamiento 206, se ha analizado un gran complejo agrario que se extiende hacia el sur, alcanzando una longitud de 2.6 km, (Fig. 6), manteniendo una pendiente estable, que alcanza entre el 12 y el 13 % de manera sostenida, y que aseguraba la alimentación hídrica a las diversas plataformas agrarias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    These structures show greater height in the upper levels than in the lower ones, performing a function of closing the terraces, which suggests a water control in which the initial structures of the system also act as containment.

    “Estas últimas muestran mayor altura en las cotas superiores que en las inferiores, realizando una función de cierre de las terrazas, lo que sugiere un control hídrico en el que las estructuras iniciales del sistema ejercen también de contención.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    The LiDAR data processing included manual removal of noise, unlocated points, and verification of correct location via stereo 3D and profile views.

    “Posteriormente, se eliminó manualmente el ruido generado, los puntos no localizados, y se verificó la correcta ubicación, mediante una vista en estéreo (3D), y en perfil.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The LiDAR point density achieved was 15.87 ppm2, with a real return of 9 ppm2, exceeding the initial objective of a minimum of 4 ppm2.

    “La densidad de puntos alcanzada por el escáner láser fue de 15.87 ppm², con un retorno real de 9 ppm², lo que superó el objetivo inicial que se establecía en un mínimo de 4 ppm² (Jiménez, 2016;Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jiménez, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Two classifications were established for the design of the MDTs: low vegetation cover and soil, attempting to minimize the impact of dense vegetation, especially in the central study area.

    “Por último, se establecieron dos únicas clasificaciones para el diseño de los MDT: cobertura vegetal baja y suelo, intentando minimizar el impacto de la tupida vegetación, especialmente en el área central de estudio (Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jijón-Porras & García-Campoverde, 2018b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    Intensive archaeological surveys have been concentrated especially in the southern central sector of the protection polygon, allowing contrast of field data and elaboration of a first hypothesis on the settlement model.

    “Las prospecciones arqueológicas intensivas se han concentrado especialmente en el sector meridional central del polígono de protección, lo que ha permitido contrastar los datos obtenidos sobre el terreno, y elaborar una primera hipótesis en torno al modelo de asentamiento.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    The emergence of LiDAR and its transfer from military to civil has largely overcome the difficulties of aerial photography.

    “El surgimiento del LiDAR y su traslación desde el ámbito militar al civil ha supuesto la superación, en gran medida, de las dificultades señaladas anteriormente.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The Manteña-Huancavilca culture (800-1550 AD) extended through the current provinces of Guayas, Santa Elena, and Manabí.

    “la denominada como cultura”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gutiérrez-Usillos, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lunniss, 2020 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Aerial photography has limitations in analyzing the microgeomorphology of settlements and in obtaining optimal results in areas with high vegetation density.

    “la fotografía presenta una serie de dificultades intrínsecas, que se manifiesta en sus limitaciones en el análisis de la microgeomorfología de los asentamientos y en la consecución de resultados óptimos en áreas donde la vegetación presenta una elevada densidad.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    The limited capacity of early colonial chronicles to analyze social change and territorial organization on the Ecuadorian coast makes it necessary to extend archaeological research using remote sensing.

    “La limitada capacidad de analizar procesos de cambio social y de organización del territorio, a través de las primeras crónicas coloniales sobre la costa ecuatoriana, obliga a extender las investigaciones arqueológicas empleando tecnologías de teledetección como forma principal de realizar estudios extensivos sobre el paisaje prehispánico tardío.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Dense canal systems are an anthropogenic adaptation to the environment and not the result of centralized states, contrary to the interpretation maintained since the 1950s.

    “Una adaptación antrópica al entorno ambiental, por tanto, alejada de la interpretación mantenida desde los 50 del pasado siglo, que vinculaba la existencia de densos sistemas de canalizaciones como resultado de la existencia de estados centralizados (Wittfogel, 1957).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wittfogel, 1957

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    These albarradas allow the maintenance of water resources during the dry season, as a result of rains that deposit humid mists (garúas) on the cordillera.

    “Estas últimas permiten el mantenimiento de los recursos hídricos durante la estación seca, como resultado de las lluvias que depositan sobre la cordillera las neblinas húmedas (garúas).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marcos & Álvarez-Litben, 2016

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All this supposes an attempt to control the water resource in the upper sectors and closer to the settlement spaces, at the same time that it could indicate the existence of continuous cultivation spaces, and others of a temporary character (the lower systems).

    “Todo ello, supone un intento de control del recurso hídrico en los sectores superiores y más próximos a los espacios de asentamiento, al mismo tiempo, que podría indicar la existencia de espacios de cultivo continuo, y otros de carácter temporal (los sistemas inferiores).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The formation of complex irrigation systems has great geographic amplitude and predates state development in many societies.

    “Se trata de un proceso con una gran amplitud geográfica y una conformación previa al propio desarrollo estatal de muchas sociedades.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gose, 1993 source
    • cites Bandy, 2005 source
    • cites Erickson, 1999 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Although it is not yet possible to defend the diachrony of all complexes located from LiDAR analysis, there are clear indicators that the formation of the settlements occurred prior to the European conquest and that many of them did not have continuity during the colonial period, including the initial conquest stage.

    “Aunque todavía no es posible defender la diacronía de todos los complejos localizados a partir del análisis LiDAR, hay claros indicadores que señalan que la conformación de los asentamientos se produjo con anterioridad a la conquista europea y que muchos de ellos, tal y como han sugerido Saville (1907: 23), Mester (1990: 5-6) y Álvarez-Litben (1999: 111) para la cultura Manteña-Huancavilca, no tuv”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Saville (1907: 23) source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Mester (1990: 5-6)
    • cites Álvarez-Litben (1999: 111)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although the agrarian platforms are separated and to some extent delimited by the orography, they are fed by common canalization systems, which makes them part of the same anthropic design.

    “Aunque las plataformas agrarias se encuentran separadas, y hasta cierto punto”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The process of organic growth is common with other well-known sites such as Japotó and Ligüiqui, which show reuse of the same areas and continuity of some settlements at least since the Guangala period (500-600 BC).

    “Es un proceso común con otros yacimientos bien conocidos como Japotó (Bouchard, 2010) o Ligüiqui (Castro & Olmo, 2019), que señalan la reutilización de las mismas áreas y la continuidad de algunos asentamientos, al menos desde el periodo Guangala (500 a.C.-600 a.C.) (Fabier et. al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard, 2010 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Castro & Olmo, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Fabier et. al., 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    The structuring of terraced spaces involved both an initial articulation of the system and constant soil recovery due to salinization and erosion control.

    “La estructuración de espacios aterrazados no sólo conllevó una primera articulación del sistema, sino también una constante actuación de recuperación de los suelos como resultado de la salinización de estos, y de lucha contra los procesos erosivos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In broad Andean areas this phenomenon was carried out by segmentary societies with a strong communal base, prior to state formation.

    “En amplias áreas andinas este fenómeno se realizó a partir de sociedades segmentarias con una importante base comunal (Gose, 1993), previas a la conformación estatal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gose, 1993 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Investigations in the 1990s confirmed complex irrigation systems around Lake Titicaca during the advanced Tiwanaku and Inca periods.

    “Así lo han confirmado diversas investigaciones en la década de los 90, por ejemplo, en el entorno del lago Titicaca (Bolivia) durante los periodos avanzados del periodo Tiwanaku (700-1190 d.C.) e Inca (1200-1530 d.C.) (Gose, 1993;Bandy, 2005;Erickson, 1999Erickson, & 2000;;Janusek & Kolata, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gose, 1993 source
    • cites Bandy, 2005 source
    • cites Erickson, 1999 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Hispanic textual sources do not provide precise data on the conformation of the territory around Portoviejo and do not describe a structuring of habitat or land uses significantly different from other nearby spaces in the period 1530-1550.

    “Las propias fuentes textuales hispanas muy generales para esta área -Francisco de Xérez, Relación Sámano (Bravo, 1985), Cieza de León (2005), Benzoni (2000), o las primeras descripciones sobre la región de Guayaquil a principios del siglo XVII (Ponce Leyva, 1994)-, no aportan datos precisos sobre la conformación del territorio en torno a Portoviejo y tampoco describen una estructuración del hábit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bravo, 1985

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Cieza de León, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Benzoni, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo suffers negative effects from activities such as looting and indiscriminate mining.

    “No hay que olvidar que Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo, como muchos sitios arqueológicos en Latinoamérica, sufre los efectos negativos de actividades como el huaquerismo (expolio) y la minería indiscriminada.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    LiDAR-derived visualizations accurately represent prehispanic archaeological features in the study area.

    “La visualización LiDAR del contexto geográfico-cultural del Complejo Arqueológico de Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo supone el primer análisis espacial a gran escala de un yacimiento Manteño-Huancavilca (800-1550 d.C.), con la capacidad suficiente de mostrar un paisaje cultural sumamente complejo, marcado por un uso intensivo con fines agrícolas”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The detected archaeological complexes and agrarian spaces date to the Manteño-Huancavilca period (800-1550 AD).

    “La visualización LiDAR del contexto geográfico-cultural del Complejo Arqueológico de Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo supone el primer análisis espacial a gran escala de un yacimiento Manteño-Huancavilca (800-1550 d.C.)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The central Ecuadorian coast has an irregular and scarce rainfall regime.

    “como es el caso del sector costero central ecuatoriano, donde predomina un régimen pluvial irregular y escaso”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Maximum agrarian-system length is shorter than a reported example

    Minor

    An agrarian complex near settlement 206 is reported as 2.6 km long, but the later account says the agrarian networks reach lengths of up to 2.13 km.

  • Conflicting dates for the Manteña-Huancavilca culture

    Minor

    The paper gives the culture a date range of AD 800-1550 in the introduction, but AD 600-1530 in its later discussion.

  • Conflicting dates for the Guangala period

    Minor

    The paper dates the Guangala period from 500 BC to AD 600 in one section, but from 500 BC to 600 BC in the conclusions.

3 of 3

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. Bender, B. (1993). Introduction: Landscape-Meaning and Action. In B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: politics and perspectives (pp. 9-18). Providence: Berg.
  2. Bouchard, J. F. (1995). Arqueología de la costa del Pacifico Nor-Equatorial. Evaluación preliminar de los cambios ocurridos en los últimos decenios. In A. Álvarez, S. Álvarez,C. Fauría & J.G. Marcos (Eds.), Primer Encuentro de Investigadores de la Costa Ecuatoriana en Europa (pp. 67-95). Quito: Ed. Abya-Yala.
  3. Fletcher, R. (2012). Low-density, agrarian-based urbanism: scale, power and ecology. In M.E. Smith (Ed.), The comparative archaeology of complex societies (pp. 285-320). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022712.013 · DOI
  4. Guinea-Bueno, M. (2004). Los símbolos del poder o el poder de los símbolos (pp. 9-50). In Guinea Bueno, M. (Ed.), Simbolismo y ritual en los Andes septentrionales. Quito: Ed. Abya-Yala.
  5. Hoopes, J. & Chenault, M. (1994). Proyecto Prehistorico Arenal Excavations in the Santa Rosa River Valley. In P. Sheets & B. McKee (Eds.), Archaeology, volcanism, and remote sensing in the Arenal region, Costa Rica (pp. 122-134). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  6. Knapp, A. B., & Ashmore, W. (1999). Archaeological Landscapes: Constructed, Conceptualized, Ideational. In W. Ashmore, & A. B. Knapp (Eds.), Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 5-30). Malden/Oxford: Blackwell.
  7. Lunniss, R. (2012). Informe sobre las estructuras A19, A18 y A20 de la zona A, sector "Camino del Puma" (Ladera este) (pp. 205-269). In VV. AA., La sociedad prehispánica Manteña en los Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo. Boletín Arqueológico No. 1. Centro Cívico "Ciudad Alfaro": Montecristi-Guayaquil.
  8. Marcos, J. G. (2013). Marco teórico, hipótesis y plan de investigación. La ciudad de los cerros: centro político del Estado Manteño (pp. 27-47). In VV. AA., La sociedad prehispánica Manteña en los Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo. Boletín Arqueológico No. 1. Centro Cívico "Ciudad Alfaro": Montecristi-Guayaquil.
  9. Marcos, J. G. (1996). Desarrollo de la navegación prehispanica en las costas del Pacífico Americano (pp. 117-146). In P. García Jordán (Ed.), Amèrica Llatina, ahir i avui, cinquena trobada debat. Barcelona: Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
  10. McEwan, C. (1992). Sillas de poder: evolución sociocultural en Manabí, costa central del Ecuador. In P. Norton, & M. Vinicio García (Eds.), 5000 Años de Ocupación-Parque Nacional Machalilla (pp. 53-70). Quito: Ed. Abya-Yala.
  11. McEwan, C., & Silva, M. I. (1992). ¿Qué fueron a hacer los Incas en la costa central del Ecuador?. In P. Norton, & M. Vinicio García (Eds.), 5000 Años de Ocupación-Parque Nacional Machalilla (pp. 71-102). Quito: Ed. Abya-Yala.
  12. McKee, B. & Sever, T. (1994). Remote Sensing in the Arenal Region. In P. Sheets & B. McKee (Eds.), Archaeology, volcanism, and remote sensing in the Arenal region, Costa Rica (pp. 135-141). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  13. Sittler, B. (2004). Revealing Historical Landscapes by Using Airborne Laser Scanning. A 3-D Modell of Ridge and Furrow in Forests near Rastatt (Germany). Proceedings of the ISPRS working group VIII/2, International Archives of Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 26, 258-261. www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxvi/8-w2/SITTLER.pdf.
  14. Tobar, O. (2012).Estratigrafía arqueológica de los complejos: A, B y C en el sector de la ladera este del cerro Jaboncillo (pp. 161-203). In VV. AA., La sociedad prehispánica Manteña en los Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo. Boletín Arqueológico No. 1. Centro Cívico "Ciudad Alfaro": Montecristi-Guayaquil.
  15. Valdez, F. (1992). The Tolita ceramic tradition. In F. Valdez & D. Veintimilla (Eds.), Amerindian Signs. 5,000 Years of Precolumbian Art in Ecuador (pp. 135-140). Quito: Dinediciones.
  16. Veintimilla-Bustamante, C. (2012). El espacio y la prospección. Ruinas de una ciudad prehispánica de los antiguos manteños establecida en los cerros Hojas- Jaboncillo, Manabí central: Análisis espacial y jerarquía social (pp. 51-157). In VV. AA., La sociedad prehispánica Manteña en los Cerros Hojas-Jaboncillo. Boletín Arqueológico No. 1. Centro Cívico "Ciudad Alfaro": Montecristi-Guayaquil.
  17. Vietri, L. (1995). Objetos del Ecuador en las colecciones del Museo Prehistórico Etnográfico "Luigi Pigorini". In A. Álvarez; Álvarez, S.; Fauría, C. & Marcos, J. (Eds.), Primer encuentro de investigadores de la costa ecuatoriana en Europa (pp. 337-360). Quito: Ed. Abya-Yala.

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Castro-Priego, M., Olmo-Enciso, L., Labrada-Ochoa, M. O., Jijón-Porras, J. A., & García-Campoverde, J. A.
Affiliations
Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural (EC)
ORCID
Venue
Virtual Archaeology Review
Publisher
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia
Published
2021-07-14
Volume
12
Issue
25
Pages
140
ISSN
1989-9947 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.4995/var.2021.14891
OpenAlex
W3147369917
Cited by
13
References
62
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
FWCI
5.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Virtual Archaeology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • e_Buah (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Keywords
pre-Hispanic settlement, landscape archaeology, agricultural space, geoarchaeology, subsistence strategies

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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