Oxygen isotope composition of waters recorded in carbonates in strong clumped and oxygen isotopic disequilibrium
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Abstract. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions, which are mainly retrieved from oxygen isotope (δ18O) and clumped isotope (Δ47) compositions of carbonate minerals, are compromised when carbonate crystallization occurs in isotopic disequilibrium. To date, knowledge of these common isotopic disequilibria, known as vital effects in biogenic carbonates, remains limited and the potential information recorded by δ18O and Δ47 offsets from isotopic equilibrium values is largely overlooked. Additionally, in carbonates formed in isotopic equilibrium, the use of the carbonate δ18O signature as a paleothermometer relies on our knowledge of the paleowaters' δ18O value, which is often assumed. Here, we report the largest Δ47 offsets observed to date (as much as −0.270 ‰), measured on microbial carbonates, that are strongly linked to carbonate δ18O offsets (−25 ‰) from equilibrium. These offsets are likely both related to the microorganism metabolic activity and yield identical erroneous temperature reconstructions. Unexpectedly, we show that the δ18O value of the water in which carbonates precipitated, as well as the water-carbonate δ18O fractionation dependence to temperature at equilibrium can be retrieved from these paired δ18O and Δ47 disequilibrium values measured in carbonates. The possibility to retrieve the δ18O value of paleowaters, sediments' interstitial waters or organisms' body water at the carbonate precipitation loci, even from carbonates formed in isotopic disequilibrium, opens long-awaited research avenues for both paleoenvironmental reconstructions and biomineralization studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Published values for the ETH reference materials differ by up to 0.053‰ among laboratories.
“Published values for the ETH reference materials, the only carbonates that have been recently measured in many different laboratories worldwide, differ by up to 0.053‰ (see Bernasconi et al., 2018; Thaler et al., 2020 for recent comparisons).”
From InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards (2021) · cites this paper as Thaler et al., 2020
Section 2.3 compares ETH reference-material values from this study with Bernasconi et al. (2018) and other published values, reporting systematic offsets. It does not give an offset of 0.053‰ or establish that ETH materials are the only carbonates recently measured in many laboratories. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA similar positive offset of Δ47 compared to the values reported in Bernasconi et al. (2018) has also been reported in Fiebig et al. (2019), Bajnai et al. (2020), and Thaler et al. (2020).
“A similar positive offset of Δ47 compared to the values reported in Bernasconi et al. (2018) has also been reported in Fiebig et al. (2019), Bajnai et al. (2020), and Thaler et al. (2020).”
From InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards (2021) · cites this paper as Thaler et al. (2020)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates
Kim, S.-T., & O'Neil, J. R. (1997) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00169-5 · Cited by 2,558 · see citing works
Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization
Mobley, H. L. T., & Hausinger, R. P. (1989) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.53.1.85-108.1989 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals: a new kind of paleothermometer
Ghosh, P., Adkins, J., Affek, H., Balta, B., Guo, W., Schauble, E. A., Schrag, D., & Eiler, J. M. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.014 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Production and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the ocean: Budget of a nonsteady state
Milliman, J. D. (1993) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/93gb02524 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Urey, H. C., Lowenstam, H. A., Epstein, S., & McKinney, C. R. (1951) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[399:mopato]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Ureases I. Functional, catalytic and kinetic properties: A review
Krajewska, B. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic · doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.01.003 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Defining an absolute reference frame for ‘clumped’ isotope studies of CO2
Dennis, K. J., Affek, H. P., Passey, B. H., Schrag, D. P., & Eiler, J. M. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.025 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Paleoclimate reconstruction using carbonate clumped isotope thermometry
Eiler, J. M. (2011) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.001 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Brand, W. A., Assonov, S. S., & Coplen, T. B. (2010) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac-rep-09-01-05 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Coplen, T. B. (2007) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.05.028 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and the accuracy of Δ47 measurements
Daëron, M., Blamart, D., Peral, M., & Affek, H. P. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.014 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Affek, H. P., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Matthews, A., & Eiler, J. M. (2008) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.031 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Bernasconi, S. M., Müller, I. A., Bergmann, K. D., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Fernandez, A., Hodell, D. A., Jaggi, M., Meckler, A. N., Millan, I., & Ziegler, M. (2018) · Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2017gc007385 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Guo, W., Mosenfelder, J. L., Goddard, W. A., & Eiler, J. M. (2009) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.071 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Beck, W. C., Grossman, E. L., & Morse, J. W. (2005) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.02.003 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Most Earth-surface calcites precipitate out of isotopic equilibrium
Daëron, M., Drysdale, R. N., Peral, M., Huyghe, D., Blamart, D., Coplen, T. B., Lartaud, F., & Zanchetta, G. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08336-5 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Bonifacie, M., Calmels, D., Eiler, J. M., Horita, J., Chaduteau, C., Vasconcelos, C., Agrinier, P., Katz, A., Passey, B. H., Ferry, J. M., et al. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.028 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationDietzel, M., Tang, J., Leis, A., & Köhler, S. J. (2009) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.07.015 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
pH control on oxygen isotopic composition of symbiotic corals
Rollion‐Bard, C., Chaussidon, M., & France‐Lanord, C. (2003) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00391-1 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The influence of kinetics on the oxygen isotope composition of calcium carbonate
Watkins, J. M., Nielsen, L. C., Ryerson, F. J., & DePaolo, D. J. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.054 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Kelson, J. R., Huntington, K. W., Schauer, A. J., Saenger, C., & Lechler, A. R. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.010 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Henkes, G. A., Passey, B. H., Grossman, E. L., Shenton, B. J., Yancey, T. E., & Pérez-Huerta, A. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry of deep-sea corals and implications for vital effects
Thiagarajan, N., Adkins, J., & Eiler, J. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.004 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Schauer, A. J., Kelson, J., Saenger, C., & Huntington, K. W. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7743 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Saenger, C., Affek, H. P., Felis, T., Thiagarajan, N., Lough, J. M., & Holcomb, M. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.035 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Tripati, A. K., Hill, P. S., Eagle, R. A., Mosenfelder, J. L., Tang, J., Schauble, E. A., Eiler, J. M., Zeebe, R. E., Uchikawa, J., Coplen, T. B., et al. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.021 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Tang, J., Dietzel, M., Fernandez, A., Tripati, A. K., & Rosenheim, B. E. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Clark, I. D., Fontes, J., & Fritz, P. (1992) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90328-g · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Sequential Coccolith Morphogenesis in Hymenomonas carterae
OUTKA, D. E., & Williams, D. C. (1971) · The Journal of Protozoology · doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03319.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Carbonic anhydrase as a tool in studying the mechanism of reactions involving H2CO3, CO2 or HCO3−
Krebs, H. A., & Roughton, F. J. W. (1948) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0430550 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A process-based model for non-equilibrium clumped isotope effects in carbonates
Watkins, J. M., & Hunt, J. D. (2015) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.042 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
An emerging thermochronometer for carbonate-bearing rocks: ∆47 /(U-Pb)
Mangenot, X., Gasparrini, M., Gerdes, A., Bonifacie, M., & Rouchon, V. (2018) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g45196.1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationFernandez, A., Müller, I. A., Rodríguez‐Sanz, L., van Dijk, J., Looser, N., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2017) · Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2017gc007106 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Combined high-precision ∆48 and ∆47 analysis of carbonates
Fiebig, J., Bajnai, D., Löffler, N., Methner, K., Krsnik, E., Mulch, A., & Hofmann, S. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.05.019 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Affek, H. P., & Zaarur, S. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.08.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Loyd, S. J., Sample, J., Tripati, R., Defliese, W. F., Brooks, K., Hovland, M. T., Torres, M. E., Marlow, J. J., Hancock, L. G., Martin, R., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12274 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Clumped isotope composition of cold-water corals: A role for vital effects?
Spooner, P. T., Guo, W., Robinson, L. F., Thiagarajan, N., Hendry, K. R., Rosenheim, B. E., & Leng, M. J. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.023 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Assessing kinetic fractionation in brachiopod calcite using clumped isotopes
Bajnai, D., Fiebig, J., Tomášových, A., Garcia, S. A. M., Rollion‐Bard, C., Raddatz, J., Löffler, N., Primo, C., & Brand, U. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17353-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Clumped isotopic equilibrium and the rate of isotope exchange between CO2 and water
Affek, H. P. (2013) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/04.2013.02 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Falk, E. S., Guo, W., Paukert, A. N., Matter, J. M., Mervine, E. M., & Kelemen, P. B. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.026 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mangenot, X., Gasparrini, M., Rouchon, V., & Bonifacie, M. (2017) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12427 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationDevils Hole paleotemperatures and implications for oxygen isotope equilibrium fractionation
Kluge, T., Affek, H., Dublyansky, Y., & Spötl, C. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.047 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Accounting for kinetic isotope effects in Soreq Cave (Israel) speleothems
Affek, H. P., Matthews, A., Ayalon, A., Bar‐Matthews, M., Burstyn, Y., Zaarur, S., & Zilberman, T. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.08.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION IN THE OH--H2O EXCHANGE REACTION
Green, M., & Taube, H. (1963) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100801a507 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mangenot, X., Bonifacie, M., Gasparrini, M., Götz, A., Chaduteau, C., Ader, M., & Rouchon, V. (2017) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Y., Eagle, R. A., Aciego, S. M., Gilmore, R. E., & Ries, J. B. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04463-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Katz, A., Bonifacie, M., Hermoso, M., Cartigny, P., & Calmels, D. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.02.025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon isotope fractionation during calcium carbonate precipitation induced by ureolytic bacteria
Millo, C., Dupraz, S., Ader, M., Guyot, F., Thaler, C., Foy, E., & Ménèz, B. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationKinetics of CO2(g)–H2O(1) isotopic exchange, including mass 47 isotopologues
Clog, M., Stolper, D., & Eiler, J. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.11.023 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Matsuzaki, Y., Yamada, H., Chowdhury, F. A., Higashii, T., Kazama, S., & Onoda, M. (2013) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.124 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Burgener, L., Huntington, K. W., Sletten, R. S., Watkins, J. M., Quade, J., & Hallet, B. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.06.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hermoso, M., Lefeuvre, B., Minoletti, F., & de RAFÉLIS, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185655 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thaler, C., Millo, C., Ader, M., Chaduteau, C., Guyot, F., & Ménèz, B. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.051 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationStaudigel, P. T., & Swart, P. K. (2018) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2018gc007500 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dassié, É. P., Genty, D., Noret, A., Mangenot, X., Massault, M., Lebas, N., Duhamel, M., Bonifacie, M., Gasparrini, M., Minster, B., et al. (2018) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2017gc007289 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, W. (2009) · California Institute of Technology · doi:10.7907/bwc2-rh54
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: CO 2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes, Elsevier Oceanography Book Series, Vol. 65, 346 pp., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2001.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K. D., Bonifacie, M., Meckler, A. N., Affek, H. P., Anderson, N., Bajnai, D., Barkan, E., Beverly, E., et al. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009588 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationHoldsworth, C. M., John, C. M., Snæbjörnsdóttir, S. Ó., Johnson, G., Sigfússon, B., Leslie, R., Haszeldine, R. S., & Gilfillan, S. M. V. (2024) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.105925 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Uchikawa, J., Chen, S., Eiler, J. M., Adkins, J. F., & Zeebe, R. E. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.08.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Technical Note: Developments and Applications in Triple Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Carbonates
Fosu, B., Subba, R., Peethambaran, R., Bhattacharya, S., & Ghosh, P. (2020) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00330 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Oxygen isotope fractionation between water and the aqueous hydroxide ion
Zeebe, R. E. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.025 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Staudigel, P., Feng, D., Peckmann, J., Bernecker, M., Davies, A., Tagliavento, M., & Fiebig, J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adn0155 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bojanowski, M. J., Marciniak‐Maliszewska, B., Środoń, J., & Liivamägi, S. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106379 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K., Bonifacie, M., & Meckler, A. N. (2020) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10504430.4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBanerjee, S., Ghosh, P., Banerjee, Y., & Riding, R. (2023) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121356 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Microbial Autotrophy Recorded by Carbonate Dual Clumped Isotope Disequilibrium
Ingalls, M., Leapaldt, H. C., & Lloyd, M. K. (2024) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2024gc011590 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Radish concretions grown in mud during compaction
Wetzel, A., & Bojanowski, M. J. (2021) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12924 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bacterial and abiogenic carbonates formed in caves–no vital effect on clumped isotope compositions
Demény, A., Rinyu, L., Németh, P., Czuppon, G., Enyedi, N., Makk, J., Leél-Őssy, S., Kesjár, D., & Kovács, I. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245621 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Leapaldt, H. C., Frantz, C. M., Olsen‐Valdez, J., Snell, K. E., Trower, E. J., & Ingalls, M. (2024) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12609 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kinetic Oxygen Isotope Fractionation between Water and Aqueous OH– during Hydroxylation of CO2
Bajnai, D., & Herwartz, D. (2021) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00194 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Conti, S., Baucon, A., Serventi, P., Argentino, C., & Fontana, D. (2021) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105965 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Santos, A. M., Deditius, A., Oskierski, H. C., Vicentini, A., Roberts, M. P., Bhat, G., & Fougerouse, D. (2026) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2026.123327 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rate-dependent Mg isotope fractionation in shells of Glycymeris (Bivalvia)
Keller, N., Walliser, E. O., Peharda, M., & Tatzel, M. (2026) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2026.123285
- Authors
- Thaler, C., Katz, A., Bonifacie, M., Ménez, B., & Ader, M.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Katz, Amandine
- Ader, Magali
- Venue
- Biogeosciences
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2020-04-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1731-1744
- ISSN
- 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
- 1726-4189
- OpenAlex
- W2995627148
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-IDEX-0001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Keywords
- clumped isotopes, oxygen isotopes, isotopic disequilibrium, vital effects, microbial carbonates, paleothermometry, biomineralization, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, carbonate precipitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
