A reassessment of the precision of carbonate clumped isotope measurements: implications for calibrations and paleoclimate reconstructions

Fernandez, Alvaro; Müller, Inigo A.; Rodríguez‐Sanz, Laura; van Dijk, Joep; Looser, Nathan; Bernasconi, Stefano M.

doi:10.1002/2017gc007106

Cited by 101Geology and Paleoclimatology ResearchPaleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsClimate variability and models

A reassessment of the precision of carbonate clumped isotope measurements: implications for calibrations and paleoclimate reconstructions

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Fernandez, Alvaro, Müller, Inigo A., Rodríguez‐Sanz, Laura, van Dijk, Joep, Looser, Nathan, Bernasconi, Stefano M.·2017·Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

DOI 10.1002/2017gc007106

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Abstract

Carbonate clumped isotopes offer a potentially transformational tool to interpret Earth's history, but the proxy is still limited by poor interlaboratory reproducibility. Here, we focus on the uncertainties that result from the analysis of only a few replicate measurements to understand the extent to which unconstrained errors affect calibration relationships and paleoclimate reconstructions. We find that highly precise data can be routinely obtained with multiple replicate analyses, but this is not always done in many laboratories. For instance, using published estimates of external reproducibilities we find that typical clumped isotope measurements (three replicate analyses) have margins of error at the 95% confidence level (CL) that are too large for many applications. These errors, however, can be systematically reduced with more replicate measurements. Second, using a Monte Carlo‐type simulation we demonstrate that the degree of disagreement on published calibration slopes is about what we should expect considering the precision of Δ 47 data, the number of samples and replicate analyses, and the temperature range covered in published calibrations. Finally, we show that the way errors are typically reported in clumped isotope data can be problematic and lead to the impression that data are more precise than warranted. We recommend that uncertainties in Δ 47 data should no longer be reported as the standard error of a few replicate measurements. Instead, uncertainties should be reported as margins of error at a specified confidence level (e.g., 68% or 95% CL). These error bars are a more realistic indication of the reliability of a measurement.

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The number of necessary replicates to reach a target temperature uncertainty can be reduced by improving the external reproducibility of the measurements.
“The number of necessary replicates to reach a target temperature uncertainty can be reduced by improving the external reproducibility of the measurements (see also Bonifacie et al., 2017; Daëron, 2021; Fernandez et al., 2017; Kocken et al., 2019).”
From InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards (2021) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2017
Based on Fernandez et al. (2017), more samples covering a wider temperature range lead to more robust calibrations.
“Based on observations from the statistical evaluation of Fernandez et al. (2017) of existing Δ 47 -T calibrations that more samples covering a wider temperature range lead to more robust calibrations”
From Calibration of the oxygen and clumped isotope thermometers for (proto-)dolomite based on synthetic and natural carbonates (2019) · cites this paper as Fernandez et al., 2017

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Huntington, K. W., & Petersen, S. V. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-085949 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Oxygen Isotopic Exchange Between CO 2 and Phosphoric Acid: Implications for the Measurement of Clumped Isotopes in Carbonates
Swart, P. K., Murray, S. T., Staudigel, P. T., & Hodell, D. A. (2019) · Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008209 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Statistical Significance of the Difference in the Slopes and Intercepts There has been significant concern as to whether analytical errors that produce a range of values for a particular calibration point can lead to uncertainties in the calibration slope between temperature and the Δ47 value (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
Background
Absolute Age and Temperature Constraints on Deformation Along the Basal Décollement of the Jura Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt From Carbonate U‐Pb Dating and Clumped Isotopes
Looser, N., Madritsch, H., Guillong, M., Laurent, O., Wohlwend, S., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2021) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2020tc006439 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Errors in Δ47 temperatures are reported at the 95% confidence level (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Warm Middle Miocene Indian Ocean Bottom Water Temperatures: Comparison of Clumped Isotope and Mg/Ca‐Based Estimates
Modestou, S. E., Leutert, T. J., Fernandez, A., Lear, C. H., & Meckler, A. N. (2020) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2020pa003927 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Finally, analytical advances decreasing sample mass requirements (Hu et al., 2014; Meckler et al., 2014; Müller et al., 2017) have made it possible to perform Δ 47 analyses on downcore foraminifera samples, although more material is still required compared to Mg/Ca.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Optimizing the Use of Carbonate Standards to Minimize Uncertainties in Clumped Isotope Data
Kocken, I. J., Müller, I. A., & Ziegler, M. (2019) · Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008545 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Temperature Dependence of Clumped Isotopes (∆ 47 ) in Aragonite
de Winter, N. J., Witbaard, R., Kocken, I. J., Müller, I. A., Guo, J., Goudsmit, B., & Ziegler, M. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl099479 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Gathering enough aragonite for reliable ∆47 analyses for each temperature treatment (>2 mg; Müller et al., 2017; Fernandez et al., 2017) typically required combining material from multiple (3–5) specimens grown under the same temperature conditions.”
Self-citation
Architecture and evolution of an extensionally-inverted thrust (Mt. Tancia Thrust, Central Apennines): Geological, structural, geochemical, and K–Ar geochronological constraints
Curzi, M., Aldega, L., Bernasconi, S. M., Berra, F., Billi, A., Boschi, C., Franchini, S., van der Lelij, R., Viola, G., & Carminati, E. (2020) · Journal of Structural Geology · doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104059 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reconstructing the magnitude of Early Toarcian (Jurassic) warming using the reordered clumped isotope compositions of belemnites
Fernandez, A., Korte, C., Ullmann, C. V., Looser, N., Wohlwend, S., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Absolute seasonal temperature estimates from clumped isotopes in bivalve shells suggest warm and variable greenhouse climate
de Winter, N. J., Müller, I. A., Kocken, I. J., Thibault, N., Ullmann, C. V., Farnsworth, A., Lunt, D. J., Claeys, P., & Ziegler, M. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00193-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coupled Mg/Ca and clumped isotope analyses of foraminifera provide consistent water temperatures
Breitenbach, S. F. M., Mleneck-Vautravers, M. J., Grauel, A.-L., Lo, L., Bernasconi, S. M., Müller, I. A., Rolfe, J., Gázquez, F., Greaves, M., & Hodell, D. A. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.03.010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The uncertainty results mainly from the analytical error in determining D47 (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cryogenic brines as diagenetic fluids: Reconstructing the diagenetic history of the Victoria Land Basin using clumped isotopes
Staudigel, P. T., Murray, S. T., Dunham, D. P., Frank, T. D., Fielding, C. R., & Swart, P. K. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sensitivity of clumped isotope temperatures in fossil benthic and planktic foraminifera to diagenetic alteration
Leutert, T. J., Sexton, P. F., Tripati, A., Piasecki, A. M., Ho, S. L., & Meckler, A. N. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.05.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Yet recent advances in the analytical technique, especially in reducing sample size requirements, have greatly improved the applicability of this thermometer to foraminiferal tests (e.g., Meckler et al., 2014; Mu¨ller et al., 2017).”
Background
Clumped isotope thermometry in bivalve shells: A tool for reconstructing seasonal upwelling
Caldarescu, D. E., Sadatzki, H., Andersson, C., Schäfer, P., Fortunato, H., & Meckler, A. N. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.11.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Back to an ice-free future: Early Cretaceous seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature and glacier ice
He, S., Wang, T., Spicer, R. A., Farnsworth, A., Mulch, A., Widdowson, M., Zhang, Q., Cai, F., Valdes, P. J., Wang, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr9417 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Analytical uncertainties on Δ 47 , temperature, and δ 18 O sw values are displayed as 95 % CLs (table S3) following the recommendations by Bajnai et al. ( 54 ) and Fernandez et al. ( 106 ).”
Robust land surface temperature record for north China over the past 21,000 years
Guo, J., Ziegler, M., Wanders, N., Vreeken, M., Yin, Q., Lu, H., Fuchs, L., Dong, J., Sun, Y., & Peterse, F. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj4800 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In contrast to the brGDGT paleothermometer, the Δ 47 - based temperature calibration has a relatively small error ( 0.1°C) ( 54 , 55 ) but requires large sample size and multiple replicate analyses of the same sample to overcome intrinsic analytical uncertainties ( 56 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Carbonate clumped isotope analysis (Δ 47 ) of 21 carbonate standards determined via gas‐source isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry on four instrumental configurations using carbonate‐based standardization and multiyear data sets
Upadhyay, D., Lucarelli, J., Arnold, A., Flores, R., Bricker, H., Ulrich, R. N., Jesmok, G., Santi, L., Defliese, W., Eagle, R. A., et al. (2021) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.9143 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Syntectonic fluid flow and deformation mechanisms within the frontal thrust of a foreland fold-and-thrust belt: Example from the Internal Jura, Eastern France
Smeraglia, L., Fabbri, O., Choulet, F., Buatier, M. D., Boulvais, P., Bernasconi, S. M., & Castorina, F. (2020) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228178 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Clumped isotopes are reported in the carbon dioxide equilibration scale (CDES, 25°C) with uncertainty in temperature reported at the 95% confidence level (Fernandez et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Experimental calibration of clumped isotopes in siderite between 8.5 and 62 °C and its application as paleo-thermometer in paleosols
van Dijk, J., Fernandez, A., Storck, J. C., White, T. S., Lever, M., Müller, I. A., Bishop, S., Seifert, R. F., Driese, S. G., Krylov, A., et al. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thermally-induced clumped isotope resetting in belemnite and optical calcites: Towards material-specific kinetics
Looser, N., Petschnig, P., Hemingway, J., Fernández, Á., Morales, L. F. G., Pérez‐Huerta, A., Vickers, M. L., Price, G. D., Schmidt, M. W., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.03.030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Carbon Geochemistry of the Active Serpentinization Site at the Wadi Tayin Massif: Insights From the ICDP Oman Drilling Project: Phase II
Ternieten, L., Früh‐Green, G. L., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2021jb022712 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“With 8–10 replicate analyses, the margins of error are ±3°C–5°C at the 95% confidence level (Fernández et al., 2017).”
Self-citation
Clumped isotope signatures of methane-derived authigenic carbonate presenting equilibrium values of their formation temperatures
Zhang, N., Lin, M., Snyder, G., Kakizaki, Y., Yamada, K., Yoshida, N., & Matsumoto, R. (2019) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Southern Ocean bottom-water cooling and ice sheet expansion during the middle Miocene climate transition
Leutert, T. J., Modestou, S., Bernasconi, S. M., & Meckler, A. N. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-17-2255-2021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Decrease to Low Carbonate Clumped Isotope Temperatures in Cryogenian Strata
Mackey, T., Jost, A., Creveling, J., & Bergmann, K. (2020) · AGU Advances · doi:10.1029/2019av000159 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“6 of 20 replicates (Fernandez et al., 2017) for conservative estimates of error in reconstruction, whereas the mean of populations of genetically related samples are listed with errors of one standard deviation.”
Background
Distribution and Sources of Carbon in Serpentinized Mantle Peridotites at the Atlantis Massif (IODP Expedition 357)
Ternieten, L., Früh‐Green, G. L., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2021jb021973 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“With a reasonable amount of replicate analyses, the margins of error are ±3°C–5°C at the 95% CL (Fernández et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Timing, Thrusting Mode, and Negative Inversion Along the Circeo Thrust, Apennines, Italy: How the Accretion‐To‐Extension Transition Operated During Slab Rollback
Tavani, S., Smeraglia, L., Fabbi, S., Aldega, L., Sabbatino, M., Cardello, G. L., Maresca, A., Spagnolo, G. S., Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Billi, A., et al. (2023) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2022tc007679 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2021) with uncertainties reported at the 95% confidence level (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Equilibrated clumped isotope signatures of land-snail shells observed from laboratory culturing experiments and its environmental implications
Zhang, N., Yamada, K., Kano, A., Matsumoto, R., & Yoshida, N. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Optimizing sampling strategies in high-resolution paleoclimate records
de Winter, N. J., Agterhuis, T., & Ziegler, M. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-17-1315-2021 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mass 47 clumped isotope signatures in modern lacustrine authigenic carbonates in Western China and other regions and implications for paleotemperature and paleoelevation reconstructions
Li, H., Liu, X., Arnold, A., Elliott, B. M., Flores, R., Kelley, A. M., & Tripati, A. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116840 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Jurassic climate change in the northwest Gondwana (External Rif, Morocco): Evidence from geochemistry and implication for paleoclimate evolution
Kairouani, H., Abbassi, A., Zaghloul, M. N., Mourabet, M. E., Micheletti, F., Fornelli, A., Mongelli, G., & Critelli, S. (2024) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.106762 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Saltier Glacial Mediterranean Outflow
van Dijk, J., Ziegler, M., de Nooijer, L. D., Reichart, G., Chuang, X., Ducassou, E., Bernasconi, S. M., & Lourens, L. (2018) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1002/2017pa003228 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, as in this case the standard error does not always capture the 95% con ﬁ dence interval (Fernandez et al., 2018) we here doubled the error margin to 5.6°C (Table 2).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Clumped isotope constraints on changes in latest Pleistocene hydroclimate in the northwestern Great Basin: Lake Surprise, California
Santi, L., Arnold, A., Ibarra, D. E., Whicker, C. A., Mering, J. A., Lomarda, R. B., Lora, J. M., & Tripati, A. (2020) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b35484.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Refining the temperature dependence of the oxygen and clumped isotopic compositions of structurally bound carbonate in apatite
Löffler, N., Fiebig, J., Mulch, A., Tütken, T., Schmidt, B., Bajnai, D., Conrad, A. C., Wacker, U., & Böttcher, M. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.03.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stadial‐Interstadial Temperature and Aridity Variations in East Central Europe Preceding the Last Glacial Maximum
Újvári, G., Bernasconi, S., Stevens, T., Kele, S., Páll-Gergely, B., Surányi, G., & Demény, A. (2021) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2020pa004170 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of thrust and strike-slip faults in controlling regional-scale paleofluid circulation in fold-and-thrust belts: Insights from the Jura Mountains (eastern France)
Smeraglia, L., Fabbri, O., Choulet, F., Jaggi, M., & Bernasconi, S. (2022) · Tectonophysics · doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229299 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Devils Hole Calcite Was Precipitated at ±1°C Stable Aquifer Temperatures During the Last Half Million Years
Bajnai, D., Coplen, T., Methner, K., Löffler, N., Krsnik, E., & Fiebig, J. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl093257 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The uncertainties represent 95% confidence intervals (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
Investigation of the thermal history of the Delaware Basin (West Texas, USA) using carbonate clumped isotope thermometry
Naylor, H. N., Defliese, W. F., Grossman, E. L., & Maupin, C. R. (2019) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.12419 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The primary means of standardization are based on the methods in Meckler, Ziegler, Millán, Breitenbach, and Bernasconi (2014) and Fernandez et al. (2017).”
Method
Oxygen isotope composition of waters recorded in carbonates in strong clumped and oxygen isotopic disequilibrium
Thaler, C., Katz, A., Bonifacie, M., Ménez, B., & Ader, M. (2020) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-17-1731-2020 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aptian–Albian clumped isotopes from northwest China: cool temperatures, variable atmospheric pCO2 and regional shifts in the hydrologic cycle
Harper, D., Suarez, M., Uglesich, J., You, H., Li, D.-Q., & Dodson, P. (2021) · Climate of the Past · doi:10.5194/cp-17-1607-2021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Regional Scale, Fault‐Related Fluid Circulation in the Ionian Zone of the External Hellenides Fold‐And‐Thrust Belt, Western Greece: Clues for Fluid Flow in Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs
Smeraglia, L., Bernasconi, S. M., Manniello, C., Spanos, D., Pagoulatos, A., Aldega, L., Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Jaggi, M., & Agosta, F. (2023) · Tectonics · doi:10.1029/2023tc007867 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 2021) with uncertainty in temperature reported at the 95% confidence level (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Clumped isotopic signatures in land-snail shells revisited: Possible palaeoenvironmental implications
Guo, Y., Deng, W., Wei, G., Lo, L., & Wang, N. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.04.030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Warm Terrestrial Subtropics During the Paleocene and Eocene: Carbonate Clumped Isotope (Δ47) Evidence From the Tornillo Basin, Texas (USA)
Kelson, J. R., Watford, D., Bataille, C. P., Huntington, K. W., Hyland, E. G., & Bowen, G. J. (2018) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2018pa003391 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Although errors on individual samples can be quite large, robust estimates for temperature can be made by using an error-weighted average of samples from similar time periods and reporting the 95% CI on those means (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
Background
Comparing Seawater Temperature Proxy Records for the Past 90 Myrs From the Shallow Shelf Record Bass River, New Jersey
de Bar, M. W., Nooijer, L., Schouten, S., Ziegler, M., Sluijs, A., & Reichart, G. (2019) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2018pa003453 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…relatively low precision, which requires a large number of replicate analysis and large sample sizes, making it currently not a feasible proxy for high‐resolution reconstructions, despite recent progress in analytical techniques (Fernandez et al., 2017; Meckler et al., 2014; Müller et al., 2017).”
Background
Clumped isotopic compositions of cultured and natural land-snail shells and their implications
Dong, J., Eiler, J. M., An, Z., Li, X., Liu, W., & Hu, J. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110530 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clumped‐Isotope Geothermometry and Carbonate U–Pb Geochronology of the Alta Stock Metamorphic Aureole, Utah, USA: Insights on the Kinetics of Metamorphism in Carbonates
Brenner, D. C., Passey, B. H., Holder, R., & Viete, D. R. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009238 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
InterCarb: A community effort to improve inter-laboratory standardization of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer using carbonate standardsPreprint
Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K., Bonifacie, M., & Meckler, A. N. (2020) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10504430.4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Clumped-isotope evidence for the formation of nonplanar dolomite textures at near-surface temperatures
Ryan, B. H., Petersen, S., Rivers, J. M., & Kaczmarek, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.2110/jsr.2022.117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dynamic Intermediate Waters Across the Late Glacial Revealed by Paired Radiocarbon and Clumped Isotope Temperature Records
Hines, S., Eiler, J., Southon, J., & Adkins, J. (2019) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2019pa003568 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“We only include measurements made at Caltech, since it has been established that Δ47 measurements made in different labs are not always consistent (Defliese et al., 2015; Fernandez et al., 2017; Kelson et al., 2017).”
Background
Clumped Isotope Temperatures of Coccolithophores From Global Sediment Traps
Clark, A. J., Jaggi, M., Bernasconi, S. M., Fiebig, J., & Stoll, H. M. (2025) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2024pa005054 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transient Deep Ocean Cooling in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean at the Eocene‐Oligocene Transition
Taylor, V., Wilson, P. A., Bohaty, S. M., & Meckler, A. N. (2023) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2023pa004650 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“We report sample errors of our Δ47-derived BWTs as 68% and 95% confidence intervals (Fernandez et al., 2017), combining both analytical and calibration uncertainty using Monte Carlo simulation (n = 5,000).”
A clumped isotope calibration of coccoliths at well-constrained culture temperatures for marine temperature reconstructions
Clark, A. J., Torres-Romero, I., Jaggi, M., Bernasconi, S. M., & Stoll, H. M. (2024) · Climate of the Past · doi:10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microstructural characterization of natural fractures and faults in the Opalinus Clay: insights from a deep drilling campaign across central northern Switzerland
Akker, I. V., Schneeberger, R., Herwegh, M., Looser, N., Aschwanden, L., Mazurek, M., Decker, K., Ebert, A., Guillong, M., Bernasconi, S. M., et al. (2023) · Swiss Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1186/s00015-023-00438-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Analytical errors in ∆47 temperatures are reported at the 95% confidence level (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Clumped isotopes in globally distributed Holocene coccoliths reveal their habitat depth
Mejía, L. M., Bernasconi, S. M., Zhang, H., Guitián, J., Fernández, Á., Hernández‐Almeida, I., Jaggi, M., Haghipour, N., & Stoll, H. M. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118313 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Analytical errors of Δ47 240 estimates are reported at the 95% confidence interval (CI) (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Analytical effects on clumped isotope thermometry: Comparison of a common sample set analyzed using multiple instruments, types of standards, and standardization windows.
Defliese, W., & Tripati, A. (2019) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8666 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
From Fossil to Active Hydrothermal Outflow in the Back‐Arc of the Central Apennines (Zannone Island, Italy)
Curzi, M., Caracausi, A., Rossetti, F., Rabiee, A., Billi, A., Carminati, E., Aldega, L., Bernasconi, S. M., Boschi, C., Drivenes, K., et al. (2022) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2022gc010474 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Temperature Dependence of Clumped Isotopes in Modern Porites Corals
Guo, Y., Deng, W., Wei, G., Chen, X., Liu, X., Wang, X., Lo, L., Cai, G., & Zeng, T. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2019jg005402 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The significant variation between these slopes is likely associated with the low number of sample points or the limited range of temperatures investigated, which has been noted to be important in calibration studies (Bonifacie et al., 2017; Fernandez et al., 2017; Kelson et al., 2017).”
Background
A multi-region study of carbonate clumped isotope data from terrestrial snails
Bricker, H., Bateman, J. B., Elliott, B. M., Mitsunaga, B., Mering, J. A., Foster, I. S., Yanes, Y., Oches, E. A., Eagle, R. A., & Tripati, A. (2023) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111754 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Temperature Estimates of Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) Coastal Water of Southern India Using a Revised Otolith “Clumped” Isotope Paleothermometer
Prasanna, K., Ghosh, P., Eagle, R., Tripati, A., Kapur, V., Feeney, R. F., Fosu, B., & Mishra, D. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009601 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Since these early studies, the clumped isotope proxy has been applied to various geological archives and there have been significant advances in calibrations, analytical developments, standardization, and data reduction efforts (Bernasconi et al., 2021; Daëron, 2021; Daëron et al., 2016; Dennis et al., 2011; Fernandez…”
Background
Modeling the Measurement: Δ47, Corrections, and Absolute Ratios for Reference Materials
Olack, G. A., & Colman, A. S. (2019) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2018gc008166 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This will add to the apparent noise seen in sample data and is likely contributing to the precision seen in the analysis of previous work (Fernandez et al., 2017).”
Result
Syn‐rift hydrothermal circulation in the Mesozoic carbonates of the western Adriatic continental palaeomargin (Western Southalpine Domain, NW Italy)
Barale, L., Bertok, C., D'Atri, A. R., Mantovani, A., Martire, L., Agostini, S., Bernasconi, S. M., Gerdes, A., & Ferrando, S. (2021) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.12594 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Geothermometry of calcite spar at 10–50 °C
Koltai, G., Kluge, T., Krüger, Y. S., Spötl, C., Rinyu, L., Audra, P., Honiat, C., Leél‐Őssy, S., & Dublyansky, Y. V. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51937-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Damage evolution and failure mechanism induced by microstructural inhomogeneity in bainite steel
Ren, C., Zhang, X., Ji, H., Wang, H., Hazra, S., Zhu, Y., & Shollock, B. A. (2021) · Engineering Failure Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105602 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Joint application of fluid inclusion and clumped isotope (∆47) thermometry unravels the complexity of thermal and fluid‐flow history reconstruction in sedimentary basins—Upper Triassic Chaunoy Formation reservoirs (Paris Basin)
Sassarini, N. A. V., Gasparrini, M., Bernasconi, S. M., & Corrado, S. (2023) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.12814 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Uncertainties calculated from 7 to 15 replicates are reported at the 95% confidence level, as suggested by Müller, Fernandez, et al. (2017) and Fernandez et al. (2017).”
MethodSelf-citation
Were Late Jurassic climatic fluctuations responses to Pangea breakup? Evidence from isotopic analyses of belemnite rostra from the eastern Tethyan Ocean
Wang, T., He, S., Chen, Y., Aitchison, J. C., Zhang, Q., Li, G., Xi, D., Wu, C., Wang, L., Xie, J., et al. (2024) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b37313.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Authors: Fernandez, A., Müller, I. A., Rodríguez‐Sanz, L., van Dijk, J., Looser, N., & Bernasconi, S. M.
Affiliations: Geological Institute, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
ETH Zurich (CH)
Australian National University (AU)
ORCID: Fernandez, Alvaro
Müller, Inigo A.
Rodríguez‐Sanz, Laura
van Dijk, Joep
Looser, Nathan
Bernasconi, Stefano M.
Venue: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 12
Pages: 4375-4386
ISSN: 1525-2027 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/2017gc007106
OpenAlex: W2785025338
Cited by: 101
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 6.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 6 d)
Locations: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (publishedVersion)
DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Swiss National Science Foundation (200020_160046, 200021_143485, 200021_169849, IZK022‐160377)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Keywords: carbonate clumped isotopes, Δ47, measurement precision, interlaboratory reproducibility, calibration uncertainty, paleoclimate reconstruction, replicate measurements, error reporting, confidence intervals, Monte Carlo simulation, paleotemperature

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A reassessment of the precision of carbonate clumped isotope measurements: implications for calibrations and paleoclimate reconstructions

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