The impact of agriculture on tropical mountain soils in the western Peruvian Andes: a pedo-geoarchaeological study of terrace agricultural systems in the Laramate region (14.5° S)

It may state two separate claims as one.

Terraces gradually fell into disuse and lacked systematic maintenance after the Late Intermediate period contemporaneous to a rapid decrease in rainfall.

“Terraces gradually fell into disuse and lacked systematic maintenance after the Late Intermediate period contemporaneous to a rapid decrease in rainfall (Schittek et al., 2015).”

• cites Schittek et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5.3 identifies the Late Intermediate Period as approximately 0.75–0.5 ka and describes climatic improvement during it. The paper reports a sharp shift to drier conditions earlier, around 1.2 ka, while its discussion of conditions after 0.5 ka describes repeated shifts rather than a rapid rainfall decrease. No passage found describes terraces falling into disuse or lacking maintenance. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Late Intermediate period witnessed advancements in agrarian techniques and a substantial expansion of sophisticated farming terraces.

“This period witnessed advancements in agrarian techniques and a substantial expansion of sophisticated farming terraces, as observed also in neighbouring regions (Branch et al., 2007; Handley et al., 2023; Nanavati et al., 2016; Sandor and Eash, 1995).”

• cites Branch et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Handley et al., 2023 sourceSupported
• cites Nanavati et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion associates the Sangayaico terraces with settlements dated to AD 1122–1527, while the conclusions describe irrigated terraces and long-fallow crop cycles over roughly the last 900 years. These passages support the presence of developed agrarian techniques during the Late Intermediate period, but they do not establish a substantial expansion of terraces during that period. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Currently, the active terraces are utilized for agriculture only during a brief period determined by the rainy season.

“Currently, the active terraces are utilized for agriculture only during a brief period determined by the rainy season.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The core terraced area of Santa María is situated on a debris cone covering 0.28 km2 at the lower slope of the catchment, with slopes averaging 11° and altitudes ranging from 2660 to 2760 m a.s.l.

“The core terraced area of Santa María is situated on a debris cone covering 0.28 km2 at the lower slope of the catchment (Fig. 1e and 8), with slopes averaging 11° and altitudes ranging from 2660 to 2760 m a.s.l.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Only a relatively limited network of irrigation canals supplies certain terraces, primarily concentrated on the adjacent slopes of rivers in the upper catchments.

“Only a relatively limited network of irrigation canals supplies certain terraces, primarily concentrated on the adjacent slopes of rivers in the upper catchments”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The agricultural terraces of Ayllapampa are located in the middle and lower reaches, at altitudes between 3170 and 3530 m a.s.l., primarily oriented northwest along the left edge of the Palmadera River.

“The agricultural terraces are located in these middle and lower reaches, at altitudes between 3170 and 3530 m a.s.l., primarily oriented northwest along the left edge of the Palmadera River.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Starch grain identification aligns with phytolith analyses, reinforcing maize's significance in the region.

“Starch grain identification aligns with phytolith analyses, reinforcing maize's significance in the region.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Laramate terrace complex subunit has an average slope of 19° and an elevation gradient of 344 m km−1, and is a high-gradient mountain range.

“With an average slope of 19° and an elevation gradient of 344 m km−1, this subunit is a high-gradient mountain range (Jahn et al., 2006)”

• cites Jahn et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Mapping efforts have identified a total of 2739 terrace walls in Sihuilca, amounting to a collective length of 107.49 km.

“Mapping efforts have identified a total of 2739 terrace walls, amounting to a collective length of 107.49 km.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Santa María terrace system is located within a minor water catchment area spanning 1.61 km2, a tributary of the Laramate-Viscas river, characterized by a network of short-range and intermittent streams.

“The Santa María terrace system is located within a minor water catchment area spanning 1.61 km2, a tributary of the Laramate–Viscas river, characterized by a network of short-range and intermittent streams.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-31, ELONGATE sum (mean=22.6 %, σ=2.9, n=5) represents the most abundant phytolith morphotypes, followed by RONDEL (mean=19.2 %, σ=0.6, n=5) and RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP morphotypes (mean=14.1 %, σ=2.7, n=5).

“ELONGATE sum (mean=22.6 %, σ=2.9, n=5) represents the most abundant phytolith morphotypes, followed by RONDEL (mean=19.2 %, σ=0.6, n=5) and RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP morphotypes (mean=14.1 %, σ=2.7, n=5).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-31, the plant-available P fraction remains consistently high (0.4 mg g−1) at the cultivable Ap horizon, and its concentration decreases drastically (0.1-0.0 mg g−1) in Ah and with increasing depth.

“The plant-available P fraction remains consistently high (0.4 mg g−1) at the cultivable Ap horizon, and its concentration decreases drastically (0.1–0.0 mg g−1) in Ah and with increasing depth.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Sihuilca terrace system is situated within the Huichulca catchment area, covering 21.8 km2, which is a tributary of the Viscas river system.

“The Sihuilca terrace system is situated within the Huichulca catchment area, covering 21.8 km2, which is a tributary of the Viscas river system (Figs. 1d and 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The soil type of Pe10-31 is a Terric Anthrosol (Loamic, Escalic) with two edaphic cycles and six soil horizons (Ap1-Ap2-Ah-Bwt-C1-C2).

“The soil type is a Terric Anthrosol (Loamic, Escalic) with two edaphic cycles and six soil horizons (Ap1-Ap2-Ah-Bwt-C1-C2).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The most prominent cultivable area in Sihuilca lies on a southwest-facing dissected plain consisting of consolidated colluvial deposits with an average slope of 4°, extending over a length of 2150 m between altitudes of 2650 and 2800 m a.s.l.

“The most prominent cultivable area, however, lies on a southwest-facing dissected plain consisting of consolidated colluvial deposits with an average slope of 4°. This area extends over a length of 2150 m between altitudes of 2650 and 2800 m a.s.l.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Sihuilca terrace system encompasses an area of approximately 650 ha (6.50 km2), with around 318 ha (3.18 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land.

“The Sihuilca terrace system encompasses an area of approximately 650 ha (6.50 km2), with around 318 ha (3.18 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land (Fig. 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the tillage horizon Ap2 of Pe10-31, two starch grains were identified, while the Bwt horizon revealed the presence of one starch grain, likely corresponding to Zea mays starch grains.

“In the tillage horizon Ap2, two starch grains were identified, while the Bwt horizon revealed the presence of one starch grain, likely corresponding to Zea mays starch grains (Fig. 6f and g; Gismondi et al., 2019).”

• cites Gismondi et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The catchment of the Ayllapampa system spans an area of 7.28 km2 and is situated at elevations ranging from 3160 to 4280 m a.s.l.

“Spanning an area of 7.28 km2, the catchment of the Ayllapampa system is situated at elevations ranging from 3160 to 4280 m a.s.l.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Phytolith concentrations vary considerably across Ayllapampa; in Pe10-30 the highest amount is in Ap1 (2,446,706), the lowest in Ap2 (1,560,504), while Ah1 (1,778,108) and Ah2 (1,791,331) are similar.

“Phytolith concentrations vary considerably across the Ayllapampa site (Figs. 12 and 13). In Pe10-30, the highest amount of phytoliths was found in Ap1 (2 446 706 phytoliths per gram of sediment), followed by the lowest amount in Ap2 (1 560 504 phytoliths per gram of sediment), while Ah1 (1 778 108 phytoliths per gram of sediment) and Ah2 (1 791 331 phytoliths per gram of sediment) show similar”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Ap2 in Pe10-30 contains non-diagnostic pottery fragments.

“Ap2 also contains non-diagnostic pottery fragments.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pe09-02 has a carbonate content of 0%.

“The profile has a carbonate content of 0 %.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Plant-available P in Pe10-32 shows very low peaks in Ah1 and 2Ahb and is not measurable in the rest of the profile.

“Plant-available P concentrations show very low peaks in Ah1 and 2Ahb and are not measurable in the rest of the profile.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In horizon 2Ahb of Pe10-32, no starch grain was detected.

“In horizon 2Ahb, no starch grain was detected.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Packing density coefficients vary between 1.3 and 1.5 in both profiles.

“Packing density coefficients vary between 1.3 and 1.5 in both profiles.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Plant-available P remains low (0.1 mg g−1) from Ap to AC and is not measurable in the C horizon.

“The plant-available P fraction remains low (0.1 mg g−1) from Ap to AC and does not have measurable concentrations in the C horizon.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ah2 in Pe10-30 is a transitional horizon to the parent material with higher coarse fragments, and terrace building material has been deposited at its base.

“Ah2 (65–100 cm) is a transitional horizon to the parent material, which has a higher content of coarse fragments, but at the base of which terrace building material has also been deposited.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-32, surface horizons Ah1 and Ah2 are significantly looser than underlying 2Ahb and 2Bwt; bulk densities are 1.06 and 1.01 vs 1.30 and 1.29 g cm−3.

“The surface horizons Ah1 and Ah2, with bulk densities of 1.06 and 1.01 g cm−3, are significantly looser than the underlying horizons 2Ahb and 2Bwt, with densities of 1.30 and 1.29 g cm−3.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Organic matter decreases significantly with depth in both profiles, from 6.5% (Ap1) to 2.2% (Ah2) in Pe10-30 and from 3.2% (Ap) to 1.0% (C) in Pe11-07.

“Organic matter decreases significantly with depth in both profiles, from 6.5 % (Ap1) to 2.2 % (Ah2) in profile Pe10-30 and from 3.2 % (Ap) to 1.0 % (C) in profile Pe11-07.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Pe10-30, the tillage horizons Ap1 and Ap2 are distinguished by a slightly higher skeleton content in Ap1.

“The two tillage horizons Ap1 (0–8 cm) and Ap2 (8–35 cm) are distinguished by a slightly higher skeleton content in Ap1.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The presence of tillage horizons (Ap) indicates agricultural cultivation.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Laramate Phaeozems are entirely devoid of carbonates throughout the profile, displaying no leaching features or accumulation of secondary carbonates.

“Laramate Phaeozems are entirely devoid of carbonates throughout the profile, displaying no leaching features or accumulation of secondary carbonates.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

pH values in Pe09-02 are moderately acidic and vary minimally between 5.3 (Ah) and 5.1 (C).

“The pH values are in the moderately acidic range and vary minimally between 5.3 (Ah) and 5.1 (C).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Organic matter in Pe10-32 decreases with depth from 7.5% (Ah1) to 0.3% (2C1), with highest values in topsoil and buried 2Ahb.

“Organic matter decreases with depth from 7.5 % (Ah1) to 0.3 % (2C1), with the highest values found both in the topsoil (Ah1 and Ah2) and in the buried horizon (2Ahb).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Profile Pe11-06 shows the highest phytolith concentration in Ah (10 277 195 phytoliths per gram of sediment) and the lowest in AC (3 017 753 phytoliths per gram of sediment); in the Ap horizon (0-15 cm depth), an abundance of 7 326 396 phytoliths per gram of sediment was observed.

“Profile Pe11-06 shows the highest phytolith concentration in Ah (10 277 195 phytoliths per gram of sediment) and the lowest in AC (3 017 753 phytoliths per gram of sediment; Fig. 10). In the Ap horizon (0–15 cm depth), an abundance of 7 326 396 phytoliths per gram of sediment was observed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Plant-available P in Pe09-02 increases slightly from 0.1 mg g−1 in Ah1 and Ah2 to 0.2 mg g−1 in C.

“The plant-available P fraction increases slightly from 0.1 mg g−1 in Ah1 and Ah2 to 0.2 mg g−1 in C.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In soil profile Pe11-06, the plant-available P content remains consistently high at 1.7 mg g−1 in the Ap and Ah horizons and decreases to 0.9 mg g−1 in AC.

“In soil profile Pe11-06, the plant-available P content remains consistently high at 1.7 mg g−1 in the Ap and Ah horizons and decreases to 0.9 mg g−1 in AC.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the tillage horizon Ap of Pe10-26, a single starch grain was detected, likely corresponding to Zea mays; conversely, no starch was observed in horizon C1.

“In the tillage horizon Ap, a single starch grain was detected, likely corresponding to Zea mays (Gismondi et al., 2019). Conversely, no starch was observed in horizon C1.”

• cites Gismondi et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-26, RONDEL (mean=19.0 %, σ=5.1, n=4) is the most abundant phytolith morphotype, followed by ELONGATE sum (mean=18.1 %, σ=0.6, n=4) and Zea mays-diagnostic RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP (mean=17.3 %, σ=2.6, n=4).

“With respect to phytolith morphotypes, RONDEL (mean=19.0 %, σ=5.1, n=4) is most abundant, followed by ELONGATE sum (mean=18.1 %, σ=0.6, n=4) and Zea mays-diagnostic RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP (mean=17.3 %, σ=2.6, n=4) morphotypes.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Phytolith concentrations in Pe10-32 vary from 11,925,773 to 18,690 per gram, following an exponential decrease with depth; highest in Ah1 and lowest in 2Bwt.

“Phytolith concentrations in profile Pe10-32 varied significantly from 11 925 773 to 18 690 phytoliths per gram of sediment, following an exponential decrease with depth (Fig. 15). The highest numbers of phytoliths were found in the upper Ah1 horizon (11 925 773 phytoliths per gram of sediment), while the lowest concentrations were found in the 2Bwt horizon (18 690 phytoliths per gram of sediment).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe09-02, bulk density increases from 1.37 to 1.56 g cm−3, and compaction in Ah2 shows incipient restriction of plant root growth.

“As the bulk density increases from 1.37 to 1.56 g cm−3, horizon Ah1 becomes slightly looser than the underlying horizon Ah2. The compaction in Ah2 shows an incipient restriction of plant root growth.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Pe11-07 has a tillage horizon Ap (0-25 cm) and an underlying buried Ah (25-50 cm).

“The soil sequence of Pe11-07 begins with a fine-grained, slightly compacted, and brownish-black (10 YR 3/1) tillage horizon Ap (0–25 cm). The underlying buried Ah (25–50 cm) is more developed and black (10 YR 2/1).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The presence of tillage horizons (Ap) indicates agricultural cultivation.

It may state two separate claims as one.

A total of 2504 terrace walls have been revealed in Ayllapampa, collectively measuring 97.66 km in length.

“A total of 2504 terrace walls have been revealed, collectively measuring 97.66 km in length.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

C:N ratio in Pe09-02 shows values between 9.7 and 10.7 in topsoil horizons Ah1 and Ah2.

“The C : N ratio shows values between 9.7 and 10.7 in the topsoil horizons Ah1 and Ah2.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Pe10-30 has relatively constant bulk densities between 1.22 g cm−3 (Ap1) and 1.25 g cm−3 (Ah2); Pe11-07 has a more compact Ap (1.32), less compact Ah (1.22), and highest density in C (1.40).

“Profile Pe10-30 has relatively constant bulk densities between 1.22 g cm−3 (Ap1) and 1.25 g cm−3 (Ah2). Profile Pe11-07, on the other hand, shows a much more compact Ap (1.32 g cm−3), while the underlying Ah horizon is less compact (1.22 g cm−3). The highest density (1.40 g cm−3) was recorded in the C horizon.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.

Packing density coefficients in Pe10-32 vary between 1.3 and 1.4.

“Packing density coefficients vary between 1.3 and 1.4.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

C:N ratios differ at the two sampling locations; the highest value in Pe11-07 is in Ah (12.3), while the Ah horizon in Pe10-30 has one of the lowest values (8.9); ratios in Pe11-07 are slightly higher, and both profiles tend toward lower values in Ap than in Ah.

“The C : N ratios are different at the two sampling locations. While the highest value in profile Pe11-07 is found in Ah (12.3), the Ah horizon in the Pe10-30 profile has one of the lowest values (8.9) within the profile. In general, the ratios in Pe11-07 are slightly higher than in the corresponding horizons in Pe10-30. In both profiles there is a tendency toward lower values in the Ap horizons”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Carbonate content is 0% in both profiles.

“The carbonate content is 0 % in both profiles.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Ayllapampa terrace system encompasses an area of approximately 373 ha (3.73 km2), with around 191 ha (1.91 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land.

“The Ayllapampa terrace system encompasses an area of approximately 373 ha (3.73 km2), with around 191 ha (1.91 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land (Fig. 11).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Mapping efforts have revealed a total of 692 terraces in Santa María, collectively measuring 33.80 km in length.

“Mapping efforts have revealed a total of 692 terraces, collectively measuring 33.80 km in length.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

BS reaches very high values in all horizons at both sites, with an absolute minimum of 98.9% (Ap) in Pe11-07.

“BS reaches very high values in all horizons at both sites, with an absolute minimum of 98.9 % (Ap) in profile Pe11-07.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The skeleton fraction marks a clear boundary between tillage and underlying horizons in Pe10-30; Ap1/Ap2 have 23.5-25.7%, while Ah1/Ah2 have 38.9% and 35.4%.

“The skeleton fraction of the soil marks a clear boundary between the tillage horizons and the underlying horizons in profile Pe10-30. While the skeleton fraction (>2 mm) varies between 23.5 % and 25.7 % in Ap1 and Ap2, it increases significantly to 38.9 % and 35.4 % in Ah1 and Ah2.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In both Pe10-26 and Pe11-06, the soil type is classified as a Terric Anthrosol (Loamic, Escalic), and within a recurring profile sequence (Ap-Ah-AC-C), up to two edaphic cycles could be identified.

“In both cases, the soil type is classified as a Terric Anthrosol (Loamic, Escalic). Within a recurring profile sequence (Ap-Ah-AC-C), up to two edaphic cycles could be identified.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Soil compaction tends to increase slightly with depth in both profiles.

“Soil compaction tends to increase slightly with depth in both profiles.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

CECpot values in Pe10-32 surface horizons Ah1 (7.7) and Ah2 (6.1) are higher than in underlying 2Ahb (2.8); values increase with depth to 11.7 in 2C.

“CECpot values in surface horizons Ah1 (7.7 cmol kg−1) and Ah2 (6.1 cmol kg−1) are higher than in the underlying 2Ahb (2.8 cmol kg−1, Fig. 15). The values increase with depth to 11.7 cmol kg−1 in 2C.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe11-07, phytolith concentrations decrease slightly exponentially with depth; the highest is in Ap (2,357,810) and the lowest in C (168,678).

“Phytolith concentrations in profile Pe11-07 decrease slightly exponentially with depth (Fig. 13). The highest number of phytoliths was reached in Ap (2 357 810 phytoliths per gram of sediment), while the C horizon had the lowest concentrations (168 678 phytoliths per gram of sediment).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

CECpot values differ at both sampling sites; Pe10-30 values are slightly higher and variations small (18.1-18.8, 17.2 in Ap2 and Ah), while Pe11-07 shows a clear peak in Ah (15.2) and lower values in C (12.3) and Ap (13.6).

“The CECpot values differ at both sampling sites (Figs. 12 and 13). While the values in profile Pe10-30 are slightly higher and the variations are small (from 18.1 in Ap1 to 18.8 cmol kg−1 in Ah2, but 17.2 cmol kg−1 in Ap2 and Ah), the CECpot values in profile Pe11-07 show a clear peak in the Ah horizon (15.2 cmol kg−1); the values are lower both in the parent material (12.3 cmol kg−1 in C) and at”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-30, ELONGATE sum is the most common phytolith morphotype (mean 24.3%), followed by RONDEL (19.7%) and the Zea mays-diagnostic RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP (13.4%); CROSS (0.7%) is notable in Ap1.

“In terms of phytolith morphotypes, ELONGATE sum (mean=24.3 %, σ=2.5, n=4) represents the most common morphotypes, followed by RONDEL (mean=19.7 %, σ=1.1, n=4) and the Zea mays-diagnostic morphotype RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP (mean=13.4 %, σ=3.2, n=4). Another Zea mays-diagnostic morphotype, CROSS (mean=0.7 %, σ=1.1, n=4), also shows a notable occurrence in Ap1 (Fig. 7).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The phytolith morphotypes identified as Zea mays-diagnostic reliably indicate maize.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Pe11-07 has an AC (50-60 cm) transitional horizon and a C (>60 cm) volcanic tuff parent material.

“AC (50–60 cm) is a brownish-black (10 YR 2/2) transitional horizon to the parent material. It contains fragments of obsidian points and marks the lower limit of human influence in the soil. C (>60 cm) consists of the soil parent material, volcanic tuff.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Soil saturation reaches a maximum of 100% in all horizons of Pe09-02.

“Soil saturation reaches a maximum of 100 % in all horizons.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Soil texture is loam in all Pe10-30 horizons, with sand proportions ranging from 45.5% to 48.9%.

“The soil texture is loam in all Pe10-30 horizons, with relative proportions of sand ranging from 45.5 % to 48.9 %.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

BS in Pe10-32 is elevated throughout the soil profile (96.8%-99.7%) and shows similar behaviour to CECpot values.

“BS is elevated throughout the soil profile (96.8 %–99.7 %) and shows a similar behaviour to the CECpot values.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The fine-grained soil matrix of Pe10-30 is very homogeneous and mixed at least to a depth of 65 cm.

“The fine-grained soil matrix is very homogeneous and mixed at least to a depth of 65 cm.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Laramate Phaeozems exhibit a distinctive Ah-(AC)-C profile sequence, marked by a dark and humus-rich surface horizon, significant organic matter accumulation in the mineral topsoil, and a notably high BS in the upper metre.

“In the Laramate region, Phaeozems exhibit a distinctive Ah-(AC)-C profile sequence, marked by a dark and humus-rich surface horizon, significant organic matter accumulation in the mineral topsoil, and a notably high BS in the upper metre.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Pe10-32 has a carbonate content of 0%.

“The profile has a carbonate content of 0 %.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The topsoil horizons of Pe10-32 exhibit a notably loose structure, low bulk density values, minimal skeleton fraction proportions, and elevated levels of silt and clay.

“The topsoil horizons exhibit a notably loose structure, low bulk density values, minimal skeleton fraction proportions, and elevated levels of silt and clay.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Skeleton content of the Pe09-02 topsoil remains constant with values of 7.6% in Ah1 and 8.8% in Ah2.

“The skeleton content of the topsoil remains constant with values of 7.6 % in Ah1 and 8.8 % in Ah2.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Pe10-32, RONDEL is the most abundant phytolith morphotype (28.0%), ELONGATE sum is 23.2%; Poaceae short cells are common; Zea mays diagnostic short cells are less frequent; WEATHERED morphotypes increase with depth.

“In terms of phytolith morphotypes, RONDEL (mean=28.0 %, σ=5.9, n=5) is the most abundant morphotype and shows a slight increase with depth, followed by ELONGATE sum (mean=23.2 %, σ=3.2, n=5), which also decrease slightly with depth. In general, Poaceae short cells such as TRAPEZOID (mean=3.6 %, σ=3.6, n=5), POLYLOBATE (mean=5.0 %, σ=3.6, n=5) or CRENATE (mean=10.5 %, σ=2.7, n=5) are common,”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The phytolith morphotypes identified as Zea mays-diagnostic reliably indicate maize.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The skeleton fraction in Pe10-32 marks a clear boundary: Ah2 has 1.9%, 2Ahb has 19.0%, and 2C1 has 40.4%.

“The skeleton fraction of the soil marks a clear boundary between topsoil and subsoil, as shown by the low percentage of only 1.9 % coarse fraction in Ah2, followed by an abrupt increase to 19.0 % in 2Ahb and 40.4 % in 2C1.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Soil texture in Pe10-32 is loam and silty clay in Ah1 and Ah2, with high silt contents between 39.1% and 44.5%; underlying horizons are sandy loam with sand contents of 69.6%-60.2%.

“The soil texture is loam and silty clay in Ah 1 and Ah 2, with high silt contents between 39.1 % and 44.5 %. A marked decrease in silt content and a simultaneous increase in sand content to 69.6 %–60.2 % in the underlying 2Ahb, 2Bwt, and 2C1 horizons characterize their texture as sandy loam.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Phytolith concentrations in Pe10-26 vary considerably; the Ap horizon shows an amount of 4 119 018 phytoliths per gram of sediment, while the lowest concentration is found in Ah (532 325 phytoliths per gram of sediment); AC (1 106 241 phytoliths per gram of sediment) and C1 (1 175 349 phytoliths per gram of sediment) show a similar concentration.

“Phytolith concentrations in Pe10-26 vary considerably (Fig. 9). The Ap horizon shows an amount of 4 119 018 phytoliths per gram of sediment, while the lowest concentration is found in Ah (532 325 phytoliths per gram of sediment). AC (1 106 241 phytoliths per gram of sediment) and C1 (1 175 349 phytoliths per gram of sediment) show a similar concentration.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Santa María terrace system spans an area of approximately 42 ha (0.42 km2), with around 39 ha (0.39 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land.

“The Santa María terrace system spans an area of approximately 42 ha (0.42 km2), with around 39 ha (0.39 km2) clearly identified as terraced agricultural land (Fig. 8).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

CECpot values are elevated throughout the Pe09-02 soil profile (32.8-21.6 cmol kg−1), with the highest values in topsoil horizons Ah1 and Ah2.

“The CECpot values are elevated throughout the soil profile (32.8–21.6 cmol kg−1), with the highest values being found in the topsoil horizons Ah1 and Ah2 (Fig. 15).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The soil type of Pe10-32 is a Vitric Andosol (Loamic) with five horizons (Ah1-Ah2-2Ahb-2Bwt-2C) containing a buried palaeosol.

“The soil type is a Vitric Andosol (Loamic) with a sequence of five horizons (Ah1-Ah2-2Ahb-2Bwt-2C) containing a buried palaeosol (Figs. 14 and 15).”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

In Pe11-07, RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP is rare (mean 2.1%); RONDEL is most common (34.4%), ELONGATE sum is 11.5%; other Poaceae short cells are more frequent; CROSS is very low in Ap; AC has significant BULLIFORM FLABELLATE and POLYHEDRAL IRREGULAR; WEATHERED morphotypes increase with depth.

“In profile Pe11-07, RONDEL ELONGATED/WAVY TOP (mean=2.1 %, σ=2.1, n=4) morphotypes are rare (Fig. 7). RONDEL (mean=34.4 %, σ=3.4, n=4) is the most common, followed by ELONGATE sum (mean=11.5 %, σ=3.1, n=4). Compared to profile Pe10-30, other Poaceae short cells, such as TRAPEZOID (mean=4.4 %, σ=0.6, n=4), POLYLOBATE (mean=9.1 %, σ=4.0, n=4), and CRENATE (mean=9.4 %, σ=1.8, n=4), can be observed”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Presently, the Santa María area is extensively utilized for livestock farming, with gently sloping riverbanks and proximity to permanent water sources making it particularly appealing for grazing, especially during the dry season.

“Presently, the Santa María area is extensively utilized for livestock farming, with its gently sloping riverbanks and proximity to permanent water sources making it particularly appealing for grazing, especially during the dry season.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Terrace profiles show a distinct boundary between tillage horizons (Ap) and underlying topsoil horizons (Ah) of buried soils, with higher bulk density values in tillage horizons, as expected for long-term-cultivated soils.

“Concerning bulk densities, the terrace profiles show a distinct boundary between the tillage horizons (Ap) and the underlying topsoil horizons (Ah) of the buried soils, with higher bulk density values in the tillage horizons, as expected for long-term-cultivated soils (Blume et al., 2010; USDA-NRCS, 1996b; Zavaleta García, 1992).”

• cites Blume et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites USDA-NRCS, 1996bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zavaleta García, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Santa María terraces exhibit similarly low C:N ratios (7.3-11.7) in the Ap horizons, yet possess higher total carbon and total nitrogen contents than the undisturbed Phaeozem reference profile.

“The Santa María terraces, situated on crystalline parent material, exhibit similarly low ratios (7.3–11.7) in the Ap horizons, yet possess higher total carbon and total nitrogen contents than the undisturbed Phaeozem reference profile.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

SPHEROID ECHINATE phytoliths, considered diagnostic of Arecaceae (palms), were discovered in both profiles from Santa María (Pe10-26, Pe11-06), while they were present in very low abundance in the soil control profile Pe10-32 and terrace profile Pe10-30 from Ayllapampa.

“Surprisingly, SPHEROID ECHINATE phytoliths, considered diagnostic of Arecaceae (palms) (Huisman et al., 2018; International Committee for Phytolith Taxonomy (ICPT), 2019), were discovered in both profiles from Santa María (Pe10-26, Pe11-06), while they were present in very low abundance in the soil control profile Pe10-32 and terrace profile Pe10-30 from Ayllapampa (Fig. 7).”

• cites Huisman et al., 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites International Committee for Phytolith Taxonomy (ICPT), 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Due to a possible overlap in size, SPHEROID ECHINATE cannot be conclusively assigned to either Arecaceae or Bromeliaceae.

“Due to a possible overlap in size, SPHEROID ECHINATE cannot be conclusively assigned to either Arecaceae or Bromeliaceae, warranting further research (International Committee for Phytolith Taxonomy (ICPT), 2019; Piperno, 1988).”

• cites International Committee for Phytolith Taxonomy (ICPT), 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Piperno, 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The significant increase in the base cation K+ in Pe10-30 is particularly noteworthy.

“The significant increase in the base cation K+ is particularly noteworthy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Sihuilca terrace soils, both total carbon and total nitrogen content surpass the values of the Phaeozem reference profile, accompanied by relatively lower C:N ratios (7.5).

“In the Sihuilca terrace soils, both total carbon and total nitrogen content surpass the values of the Phaeozem reference profile, accompanied by relatively lower C : N ratios (7.5).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The terric horizons of the investigated terrace soils exhibit no clear stratification, possess a colour resembling the parent material, and demonstrate a BS of ≥50%.

“These terric horizons exhibit no clear stratification, possess a colour resembling the parent material, and demonstrate a BS of ≥50 %.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

At Ayllapampa, tillage horizons exhibit marginal superiority over underlying palaeosols, demonstrated by minimal compaction, lower acidification, and higher available nutrients.

“The soil quality of the Ayllapampa terrace system is relatively neutral, with tillage horizons exhibiting a marginal superiority over underlying palaeosols, as demonstrated by minimal compaction, lower acidification, and a higher quantity of available nutrients.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Terrace soils at Santa María show signs of incipient deterioration, including slight acidification, nutrient leaching, reduced water storage capacity, and compaction of cultivable horizons.

“In contrast, terrace soils at Santa María show signs of incipient deterioration; slight acidification, nutrient leaching, reduced water storage capacity, and compaction of cultivable horizons are evident in this area.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Irrigation played a minor role in these agricultural terrace systems.

“Irrigation played a minor role in these agricultural terrace systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Sun-sheltered western exposure on middle and lower slopes or valley bottoms mitigates intense solar radiation, reduces evapotranspiration, increases soil moisture, and minimizes erosion.

“which mitigate intense solar radiation, reduce evapotranspiration, increase soil moisture, and minimize erosion”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Unique characteristics of Phaeozems in the Laramate region challenge typical descriptions, influenced by factors such as climatic seasonality, vegetation, fauna, lithology, and aeolian inputs.

“Unique characteristics of Phaeozems challenge typical descriptions, influenced by factors such as climatic seasonality, vegetation, fauna, lithology, and aeolian inputs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Soil field properties were described in accordance with the FAO 'Guidelines for soil description', and soil classifications were carried out following the IUSS Working Group on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).

“Soil field properties were described in accordance with the FAO “Guidelines for soil description” (Jahn et al., 2006), and soil classifications were carried out following the IUSS Working Group on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) (WRB-FAO, 2015).”

• cites Jahn et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites WRB-FAO, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The historical trajectory underscores the adaptability and resilience of pre-Hispanic communities in the Laramate region, showcasing innovative terrace agriculture as a means of coping with changing environmental conditions across diverse landscape units.

“the historical trajectory underscores the adaptability and resilience of pre-Hispanic communities in the Laramate region, showcasing innovative terrace agriculture as a means of coping with changing environmental conditions across diverse landscape units”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three studied terrace systems are representative of the pre-Hispanic terrace agricultural systems in the Laramate region.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Late Intermediate period (1000-1450 CE) witnessed hydrological variability and further terrace expansion to lower altitudes and less agriculturally suitable locations.

“The Late Intermediate period (1000–1450 CE) witnessed hydrological variability and further terrace expansion to lower altitudes and less agriculturally suitable locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Recent archaeological findings underscore the Laramate region's significance as an agricultural hub in pre-Hispanic times, contributing to the development of the local Paracas and Nasca cultures and playing a pivotal role in the expansion of the Wari and Inca cultures.

“Recent archaeological findings (Reindel and Isla, 2013a; Soßna, 2015) underscore the region's significance as an agricultural hub in pre-Hispanic times, contributing to the development of the local Paracas (800–200 BCE) and Nasca (200 BCE–600 CE) cultures. Additionally, it played a pivotal role in the expansion of the Wari (600–1000 CE) and Inca (1450–1535 CE) cultures in the Andes.”

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soßna, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Previous research suggests that the construction of terraces and their intensive use in the Laramate area in pre-Hispanic periods can be associated with more favourable climatic conditions than those observed today.

“Previous research suggests that the construction of terraces and their intensive use in the Laramate area in pre-Hispanic periods can be associated with more favourable climatic conditions than those observed today.”

• cites Eitel et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mächtle, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mächtle and Eitel, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In pre-Hispanic times, the functionality of the Laramate terrace complex essentially relied on a rainfed system, where moisture management centred on efficient drainage and the storage of rainwater within each terrace.

“In pre-Hispanic times, the functionality of the Laramate terrace complex essentially relied on a rainfed system, where moisture management centred on efficient drainage and the storage of rainwater within each terrace.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Soil surveys were conducted to generate an accurate and current soil map of the study area at a scale of 1:50 000, adhering to international standards.

“Soil surveys were conducted to generate an accurate and current soil map of the study area at a scale of 1:50 000, adhering to international standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the Peruvian Andes, the availability of fertile and arable land is limited, constituting only 19% of the national territory.

“In the Peruvian Andes, the availability of fertile and arable land is limited, constituting only 19 % of the national territory (Pulgar Vidal, 1996; Zavaleta García, 1992).”

• cites Pulgar Vidal, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zavaleta García, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

The Middle Horizon (600-1000 CE) saw systematic areal expansion of terraces influenced by the Wari culture.

“while the Middle Horizon (600–1000 CE) saw systematic areal expansion influenced by the Wari culture”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The measurement of field-estimated bulk density followed the WRB recommendations.

“The measurement of the field-estimated bulk density followed the WRB recommendations (Jahn et al., 2006).”

• cites Jahn et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Samples for radiocarbon dating were pre-treated using the acid-alkali-acid method to remove contamination by carbonates and humic acids.

“Samples were pre-treated using the acid–alkali–acid method to remove contamination by carbonates and humic acids.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Morphological identification of phytoliths relied on subject-specific literature, with adherence to the 'International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature' where applicable.

“Morphological identification of phytoliths relied on subject-specific literature (Bremond et al., 2008; Pearsall et al., 2003; Piperno, 1988, 2006; Twiss, 1992), with adherence to the “International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature” where applicable (International Committee for Phytolith Taxonomy (ICPT), 2019).”

• cites Bremond et al., 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pearsall et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Piperno, 1988, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

To establish a suitable basis for statistical evaluation, a minimum of 200 identifiable phytoliths per sample were counted.

“To establish a suitable basis for statistical evaluation, a minimum of 200 identifiable phytoliths per sample were counted (Albert et al., 1999; Meister et al., 2017; Piperno, 2006).”

• cites Albert et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Meister et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Piperno, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Phytolith analyses were conducted on 25 samples derived from five terrace profiles and one reference profile, following established extraction protocols.

“Phytolith analyses were conducted on 25 samples derived from five terrace profiles (Pe10-31, Pe10-26, Pe11-06, Pe10-30, Pe11-07), along with one reference profile (Pe10-32), at the University of Würzburg, following established extraction protocols (Albert et al., 1999).”

• cites Albert et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Challenges arose in identifying terrace walls from satellite imagery, especially in regions obscured by vegetation, and distinguishing terrace walls from animal tracks and geological formations proved challenging in certain instances.

“Nevertheless, challenges arose in the identification process, especially in regions obscured by vegetation. Distinguishing terrace walls from animal tracks and geological formations proved challenging in certain instances.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The radiocarbon results were calibrated in OxCal 4.4 using a site-specific mixed curve of SHCal20 and IntCal20 that reflects modern mixtures of air from the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere at Cutamalla.

“The results were calibrated in OxCal 4.4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009), using a site-specific mixed curve of SHCal20 (Hogg et al., 2020) and IntCal20 (Reimer et al., 2020) that reflects modern mixtures of air from the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere at Cutamalla (Mader et al., 2024)”

• cites Bronk Ramsey, 2009 sourceNot checked yet
• cites Hogg et al., 2020 sourceNot checked yet
• cites Reimer et al., 2020 sourceNot checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Sample preparation for laboratory analysis followed standard procedures of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC).

“The sample preparation for laboratory analysis was following standard procedures of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC; van Reeuwijk, 2002)”

• cites van Reeuwijk, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Traditional non-mechanized tools, such as the chaquitaclla and rucana, likely minimized soil disruption.

“Traditional non-mechanized tools, such as the chaquitaclla and rucana, likely minimized soil disruption.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There were areas where satellite imagery suggested terracing, yet the terrace walls lacked the necessary detail for accurate mapping.

“Additionally, there were areas where satellite imagery suggested terracing, yet the terrace walls lacked the necessary detail for accurate mapping.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

According to surface ceramics and architectural remnants, PAP-888 is a domestic settlement dating to the Nasca Early Intermediate period (200 BCE-600 CE) and Wari Middle Horizon (600-1000 CE), while PAP-897 probably dates to the Middle Horizon (600-1000 CE).

“According to surface ceramics and architectural remnants, PAP-888 is a domestic settlement dating to the Nasca Early Intermediate period (200 BCE–600 CE) and Wari Middle Horizon (600–1000 CE), while PAP-897 probably dates to the Middle Horizon (600–1000 CE) (Reindel and Isla, 2013a; Soßna, 2015).”

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soßna, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The archaeological site Sihuilca (PAP-888 and PAP-897) was recorded in 2008 by surveys of the Nasca-Palpa Archaeological Project.

“The archaeological site Sihuilca (PAP-888 and PAP-897) was recorded in 2008 by surveys of the Nasca–Palpa Archaeological Project.”

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soßna, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Based on surface ceramics and architecture, PAP-788 is a Middle Horizon (600-1000 CE) and Late Intermediate period (1000-1450 CE) settlement, and also has an Inca Late Horizon (1450-1535 CE) component.

“Based on surface ceramics and architecture, PAP-788 is a Middle Horizon (600–1000 CE) and Late Intermediate period (1000–1450 CE) settlement. The site also has an Inca Late Horizon (1450–1535 CE) component (Reindel and Isla, 2013a; Soßna, 2015).”

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soßna, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The variations observed in genetically related soils were found to be influenced by landscape location, anthropogenic impact, drainage characteristics, and downstream transport of soil material.

“The variations observed in genetically related soils were found to be influenced by landscape location, anthropogenic impact, drainage characteristics, and the downstream transport of soil material (Blume et al., 2010; Zavaleta García, 1992).”

• cites Blume et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zavaleta García, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Microfossil extraction for starch analysis followed the procedure developed by Liu et al. (2018).

“Microfossil extraction followed the procedure developed by Liu et al. (2018).”

• cites Liu et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The archaeological site of Santa María (PAP-788) was catalogued in 2006 through surveys carried out by the Nasca-Palpa Archaeological Project.

“The archaeological site of Santa María (PAP-788) was catalogued in 2006 through surveys carried out by the Nasca–Palpa Archaeological Project.”

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soßna, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Important cultural changes seem to have coincided with significant changes in palaeoclimate.

“In sum, important cultural changes seem to have coincided with significant changes in palaeoclimate (Eitel and Mächtle, 2009; Mächtle and Eitel, 2013; Reindel and Isla, 2013a; Schittek et al., 2015).”

• cites Eitel and Mächtle, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mächtle and Eitel, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Reindel and Isla, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agriculture in these geomorphological contexts is profitable due to increased moisture retention capacity and reduced energy required for ploughing on less compacted soil substrates.

“Agriculture in these geomorphological contexts is profitable due to the generally increased moisture retention capacity and the reduced energy required for ploughing on the less compacted soil substrates.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The accumulation of undecomposed organic material in topsoil and upper subsoil predominates, although partial decomposition of litter is stimulated by increased microbial activity during warm and humid summer periods.

“The accumulation of undecomposed organic material in the topsoil and upper subsoil layers predominates, although partial decomposition of the litter is stimulated by increased microbial activity during the warm and humid summer periods (Blume et al., 2010; Eitel, 1999; Zech et al., 2014).”