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Cited by 0Ancient Egypt and ArchaeologyClassical Antiquity StudiesAncient Near East History

The Kingship and the Moon from the Late 17th to Early 18th Dynasties

Open access
GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, Gudelia·2024·Orient
DOI 10.5356/orient.59.13
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Abstract

Ancient Egyptian kingship was closely associated with the moon god at the end of the 17th Dynasty and at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty. Despite its apparent minor position within the pantheon, kings and their descendants were named after the moon god. There emerged two lunar dynastic lines, Ahmoside and Thutmoside, identified with the two foremost lunar gods, Iah and Thoth. Under the reigns of these kings, Egypt had a period of prosperity and the moon god became a feature of Theban kingship, playing a prominent role in the development of the monarchy.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study argues that the moon god Iah, though minor in Egypt’s solar-dominated religion, became a significant feature of Theban kingship from the late 17th to early 18th Dynasty, reflected in royal lunar theophoric names and two dynastic lines, Ahmoside and Thutmoside. It traces how Iah and then Thoth were used in royal onomastics and ideology, with powerful lunar-named queens shaping succession and legitimacy.

Key findings

  • Lunar theophoric names increased sharply at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th Dynasty, especially Iahmes/Iahmes (“The Moon is born”) and Thothmes/Djehutymes (“Thoth is born”), among both royalty and non-royals.
  • The paper identifies two lunar dynastic lines: the Ahmoside line linked to Iah and the Thutmoside line linked to Thoth; Table 1 lists 10 royal lunar anthroponyms with Iah from the late Second Intermediate Period, and Table 2 lists 11 entries for the early New Kingdom (the text says “Ten names are attested, three of which belong to kings and princes” plus eight queen/princess names).
  • Thoth increasingly took on lunar attributes and, through syncretism with Iah as Iah-Thoth, became a foremost moon god; lunar names later declined and were gradually replaced by solar names such as Rames/Ramose and Rameses from the 19th–20th Dynasties.
  • Queens Iahhotep, Iahmes-Nefertary, and Iahmes held real power as regents and legitimators; the paper states that for nearly seventy years women held positions of authority prior to Hatshepsut being crowned king.

Methods

  • Design: a historical-egyptological and onomastic study of kingship and lunar religion from Senakhtenra Iahmes I to Thothmes III, from the late Second Intermediate Period to the early New Kingdom.
  • Data: royal and non-royal personal names, royal inscriptions, funerary corpora (Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead), titles, priestly titles, stelae, and temple/cult references.
  • Analysis: chronological and ideological interpretation of lunar theophoric names, with tables of royal lunar anthroponyms for Iah and Thoth, and discussion of dynastic lines, queenship, and religious syncretism.

Limitations

  • The paper states that Iah is a secondary divinity with no archaeological or iconographic evidence prior to the New Kingdom, and that there is no evidence of a priesthood or temple devoted to Iah until the early New Kingdom; the temple’s localization is unknown.
  • It notes that the dynastic attribution of Sekhemra Sementawy Djehuty is still debated, that evidence for princes of the first half of the 18th Dynasty is extremely limited, and that the lunar-crescent writing of Iahmes II’s name is not a reliable dating criterion.
  • Evident from the text: the argument relies heavily on onomastic and indirect textual evidence, and the paper itself notes that foreign influences on lunar and bull symbols “cannot be dismissed,” leaving some ideological causation open.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5356/orient.59.13

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

1 of 138 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Once more, Thebes was established as the capital of the unified kingdom after the Hyksos were expelled from Middle and Lower Egypt.

    “Once more, Thebes was established as the capital of the unified kingdom after the Hyksos were expelled from Middle and Lower Egypt.35”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Bussmann, R. 2014: “Scaling the State: Egypt in the Third Millennium BC,” <i>Archaeology International </i>17, 79–93. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.1708 (last accessed September 23, 2023). source

      The paper’s discussion of the Old Kingdom and the later temple model (section labeled “1335 Downloads”; no page supplied) does not address Thebes becoming capital after the Hyksos’ expulsion. Searches for “Hyksos,” “Thebes,” and the claimed reunification found no passage in our copy supporting that sequence. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingnone given

    Despite the moon god's apparent minor position within the pantheon, kings and their descendants were named after the moon god.

    “Despite its apparent minor position within the pantheon, kings and their descendants were named after the moon god.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The increase in lunar anthroponyms prevailed in two lunar names: Ahmose/Iahmes, 'The Moon is born,' and Thothmes/Djehutymes, 'Thoth is born.'

    “prevailing in two lunar names: Ahmose/ Iahmes (Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms), 7 “The Moon is born” and Thothmes/Djehutymes (Ḏḥwty-ms), 8 “Thoth is born.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Bács, T. A. 2008: “Ahmose at Rosetau: A Curious Early Ramesside Attestation,” in Á. Szabó (ed.), <i>Cultus Deorum: Studia Religionum ad Historiam I; De Oriente Antiquo et Regione Danuvii Praehistorica in Memoriam István Tóth</i>, Budapest, 111–122.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Bailey, D. M., W. V. Davies, and A. J. Spencer 1982: <i>British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt: Ashmunein (1980)</i>, British Museum Occasional Paper 32, London.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Special devotion to the syncretic deity Iah-Thoth is manifested regularly during the 19th Dynasty in Deir el-Medina through personal acts of worship, such as votive stelae, which continued during the Late and Graeco-Roman Periods.

    “Special devotion to this syncretic deity is manifested regularly during the 19th Dynasty in Deir el-Medina, 43 through personal acts of worship, such as votive stelae, which continued during the Late 44 and Graeco-Roman Periods (Boylan 1922, 64-65).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boylan 1922, 64-65

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    Satdjehuty, daughter of Senakhtenra Iahmes I and Tetisheri, and sister and lesser wife of Seqenenra Djehuty-aa, is an example of a name alluding to Thoth in this family.

    “This is the case of SꜢt-Ḏḥwty Satdjehuty, daughter of Senakhtenra Iahmes I and Tetisheri, and sister and lesser wife of Sḳn.n-R ꜥ Ḏḥwty-ꜥ Ꜣ Seqenenra Djehuty-aa (Jacquet 1976, 134-142, pl.xxix; Jacquet-Gordon 1999, 179-184; Polz 2007, 80; Siesse 2015, 75-97), who, in turn, were the parents of princess Iahmes.24”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Jacquet 1976, 134-142, pl.xxix

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jacquet-Gordon 1999, 179-184

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Polz 2007, 80

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. 56
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the royal sphere at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, two men are registered with lunar names: Senakhtenra Iahmes, the seventh king of the 17th Dynasty, and prince Iahmes Sapair.

    “In the royal sphere, two men are registered: Snḫt.n-R ꜥ Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms Senakhtenra Iahmes, the seventh king of the 17th Dynasty; 18 and Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms SꜢ-pꜢ-ỉr, prince Iahmes Sapair (Iahmes A)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Bennett, Ch. 2006: “Genealogy and the Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period,” <i>Ägypten und Levante</i> – <i>Egypt and the Levant</i> 16, 231–243. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After the reunification, Iahmes II's name appears to be written with the lunar crescent pointing downward, dating after the 17th or 18th year of his reign.

    “After the reunification, 37 Iahmes II's name appears to be written with the lunar crescent pointing downward, dating after the 17th or 18th year of his reign (Vandersleyen 1971, 228; Bryan 2003, 209; Barbotin 2015, 40-41).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Vandersleyen 1971, 228

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bryan 2003, 209

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Barbotin 2015, 40-41

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The mother of Iahmes II is queen Iahhotep, and he took his sister Iahmes-Nefertary as his Great Royal Wife.

    “Indeed, the mother of Iahmes II is queen Iahhotep, and he took his sister, Iahmes-Nefertary, as his Great Royal Wife.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Queen Iah was the wife of king Intef III and mother of king Mentuhotep II and his sister-wife Neferu II.

    “She is the wife of king Intef III (Vandersleyen 2004, 67-73) and mother of king Mentuhotep II and his sister-wife Neferu II (Winlock 1924, 12-13, fig.9; Hayes 1978, 327, fig.215; Dodson and Hilton 2010, 85).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Vandersleyen 2004, 67-73

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Winlock 1924, 12-13, fig.9

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hayes 1978, 327, fig.215

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In this time period, a temple and priesthood were consecrated to Iah's worship, along with numerous evidence of personal piety.

    “In this time period, a temple 9 and priesthood were consecrated to his worship, 10 along with numerous evidence of personal piety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Baines, J. 1995: “Kingship, Definition of Culture and Legitimation,” in D. O’Connor, and D. P. Silverman (eds), <i>Ancient Egyptian Kingship</i>, Probleme der Ägyptologie 9, Leiden, New York, 3–47. source
    • cites [10] Baines, J. 1999: “Egyptian Syncretism: Hans Bonnet’s Contribution,” <i>Orientalia, Nova Series</i> 68/3, 199–214.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At the end of the Second Intermediate Period, there was a significant increase in lunar theophorous names among royal family members, with a predominance of feminine personal names.

    “There was a significant change at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, when an increase in lunar theophorous names is observed among royal family members, with a predominance of ORIENT feminine personal names (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Towards the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th Dynasty, there was an increase in theophoric lunar names in the realm of kingship derived from the gods' names Iah and Thoth, the most prominent of which were Iahmes and Thothmes.

    “Towards the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th Dynasty, there was an increase in theophoric lunar names in the realm of kingship derived from the gods' names Iah and Thoth, the most prominent of which were Iahmes and Thothmes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During the 11th Dynasty, in the royal sphere, a feminine name Iah, 'Moon,' is registered; her name is inscribed in relief on a rock in Wadi Shatt el-Rigal.

    “However, during the phase of dynamic change that runs between the end of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom (11th Dynasty), in the royal sphere is registered a feminine name, Ỉ ꜥ ḥ, Iah, “Moon;” her name is inscribed in relief on a rock in Wadi Shatt el-Rigal.17”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Bennett, Ch. 2002: “A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty,” <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i> 39, 123–155. source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    In the royal sphere at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, eight women are registered with lunar names: Iahhotep I, Iahhotep II, Iahmes (A), Iahmes Inhapy, Iahmes Nebetta, Iahmes Henutmehu, Iahmes Henutempet, and Iahmes Sattjutji.

    “and eight women: Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ḥtp, queen Iahhotep I (PM I/2 660; PN I 13.8; Vandersleyen 1980, 237-241; Roth 1999, 361-377; Eaton-Krauss 2003, 75-89; Grajetzki 2005, 46; Dodson and Hilton 2010, 128); Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ḥtp, queen Iahhotep II, 19 possibly the wife of Kamose; Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms, princess Iahmes (A); 20 Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms Ỉn-ḥ ꜥ py, queen Iahmes Inhapy;”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites PM I/2 660

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites PN I 13.8

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Vandersleyen 1980, 237-241

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Eight lunar names in the early New Kingdom identify queens and princesses: Iahmes (B), Iahmes Merytamon (A), Iahmes Merytamon (B), Iahmes Nefertary, Iahmes Tumerisy, Satiah (queen), Satiah (princess), and Taiah.

    “along with eight lunar names that identify queens and princesses: Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms, queen Iahmes (B), sister and wife of king Thothmes I (PN I 12.19; PM I/2 608, 840; VIII 229; Dodson and Hilton 2010, 23”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites PN I 12.19

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites PM I/2 608, 840

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites VIII 229

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Throughout the Middle Kingdom, the god's presence increases slightly in both the Coffin Texts and personal names.

    “Throughout the Middle Kingdom, the god's presence increases slightly in both the Coffin Texts and personal names (CT II 64b [93]; II 206c [152]; V 371f [467]; VII 24j [824]; García Fernández 2017, 222-223, fig.1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites CT II 64b [93]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites II 206c [152]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites V 371f [467]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Ancient Egyptians regarded Iahmes II as the founder of the New Kingdom, as evidenced in several king-lists attesting to the New Kingdom.

    “Ancient Egyptians regarded Iahmes II as the founder of the New Kingdom, as evidenced in several 30 These two studies examine the relationship between the bull and royalty: Galán 1994, 81-96; and Hendrickx et al. 2019, 33-73.See the moon as a “burning bull,” kꜢ psy, in Eyre 2002, 84, n. 46; 145, n. 38.Regarding the moon, see García Fernández 2017, 222-227.31 Hart 2005, 77; Barbotin 2015, 70; Candel”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Redford 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Leprohon 2010, 9, n.10 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Ten lunar names are attested in the early New Kingdom royalty, three of which belong to kings and princes: Iahmes II, prince Iahmes (B), and prince Iahmes Ankh.

    “Ten names are attested, three of which belong to kings and princes: Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms, king Iahmes II (A) is the founder of the New Kingdom; 25 Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms, prince Iahmes (B); 26 and Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms ꜥ nḫ, prince Iahmes Ankh”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Biston-Moulin, S. 2012: “Le roi Sénakht-en-Rê Ahmès de la XVIIe dynastie,” <i>Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne </i>5, 61–71.
    • cites [26] Blackman, A. M. 1924: <i>The Rock Tombs of Meir: The Tomb-Chapel of Pepi’onkh the Middle, Son of Sebkḥopte and Perkhernefert (D, no. 2)</i>, Archaeological Survey of Egypt 4, London.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The early New Kingdom is characterized by an increase in lunar anthroponyms among royalty, a trend that has its roots in the late Second Intermediate Period.

    “The early New Kingdom is characterized by an increase in lunar anthroponyms among royalty, a trend that has its roots in the late Second Intermediate Period (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In their titularies, 18th Dynasty kings echoed their predecessors while introducing new elements, like belligerent epithets, that would be used for centuries.

    “In their titularies, 18th Dynasty kings echoed their predecessors while introducing new elements, like the belligerent epithets, that would be used for centuries (Redford 1995, 157-184; Leprohon 2013, 94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Redford 1995, 157-184 source
    • cites Leprohon 2013, 94 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At this period, Thoth holds a prominent part in the narrative of kingship-coronation, purification, royal treasure-although his Hermopolitan cult is poorly attested.

    “At this period, Thoth holds a prominent part in the narrative of kingship -coronation, purification, royal treasure-although his Hermopolitan cult is poorly attested (Troy 2006, 127).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Troy 2006, 127

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Thoth's temple was rebuilt and enlarged during the New Kingdom at Hermopolis, the main domain of this deity.

    “His temple was rebuilt and enlarged during the New Kingdom at Hermopolis, the main domain of this deity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the private sphere, numerous inhabitants of the Theban region held names created from the diminutive of Thoth's name, Ttỉ 'Teti,' such as Tetinefer and Tetiseneb; this trend was initially documented in the Middle Kingdom, prevailed at the end of the 17th Dynasty, and continued thereafter.

    “On the contrary, in the private sphere, numerous inhabitants of the Theban region held names created from the diminutive of Thoth's name, Ttỉ “Teti” -such as Ttỉ-nfr “Tetinefer” and Ttỉ-snb “Tetiseneb”-a trend initially documented in the Middle Kingdom, that prevailed at the end of the 17th Dynasty, and continuing thereafter (See PN I 384-385).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites See PN I 384-385

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Thothmes II, who was married to his half-sister Hatshepsut, ruled briefly after his father Thothmes I.

    “Thothmes II, who was married to his half-sister Hatshepsut, ruled briefly after his father Thothmes I (Dodson and Hilton 2010, 131);”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dodson and Hilton 2010, 131

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The number of lunar theophorous names composed with Iah decreased after Thothmes III's reign, and his wife Satiah is the last queenly royal attestation.

    “The number of lunar theophorous names composed with Iah decreased after his reign, and his wife Satiah (SꜢt-Ỉ ꜥ ḥ) is the last queenly royal attestation (Grajetzki 2005, 53; Dodson and Hilton 2010, 132).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Grajetzki 2005, 53

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dodson and Hilton 2010, 132

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In the royal sphere, a line of monarchs called Rameses from the 19th Dynasty to the 20th Dynasty gave rise to the so-called Ramesside Period.

    “In the royal sphere, a line of monarchs that stand out are called Rameses (R ꜥ -ms/R ꜥ -ms-sw), “Ra is born/Ra is the one who has born him,” from the 19th Dynasty to the 20th Dynasty, giving rise to the so-called Ramesside Period (García Fernández 2021, 872).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites García Fernández 2021, 872

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Female names composed of Thoth's name among queens and princesses are reduced, as shown by Tetisheri, Iahmes Sattjutji, and Satdjehuty.

    “Nevertheless, female 53 Dodson 1990, 87-96, especially 95, § 23 (Thothmes B) and 96, § 28 (Thothmes Q), possibly the same individual; Kozloff et al. 1992, 43-44; Dodson and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prince Thothmes (B) was Amenhotep III's first-born son and intended heir.

    “It should be noted that prince Thothmes (B) was Amenhotep III's first-born son and intended heir.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dodson 1990, 87-96, especially 95, § 23 (Thothmes B) and 96, § 28 (Thothmes Q)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kozloff et al. 1992, 43-44

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dodson and Hilton 2010, 157

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The identification of Thoth with the baboon was institutionalized under Amenhotep III, when the lunar cult gained prominence.

    “The identification of Thoth with the baboon 56 was institutionalized under Amenhotep III, 57 when the lunar cult gained prominence (Jackson 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jackson 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    At the end of the 17th Dynasty, Seqenenra Djehuty-aa is the penultimate king of the dynasty, possibly the grandfather of Kamose and Iahmes II.

    “At the end of the 17th Dynasty, Ḏḥwty-ꜥ Ꜣ, Seqenenra Djehuty-aa is the penultimate king of the dynasty, possibly the grandfather of Kamose and Iahmes II (Jacquet-Gordon 1999, 179-184, especially n. 1; Dodson and Hilton 2010, 122-124; Leprohon 2013, 91, § 27, n. 70; Siesse 2015, 75-97).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Jacquet-Gordon 1999, 179-184, especially n. 1

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Dodson and Hilton 2010, 122-124

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Leprohon 2013, 91, § 27, n. 70 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In the course of time, lunar names are gradually replaced by those of another celestial body, the sun.

    “In the course of time, lunar names are gradually replaced by those of another celestial body, the sun.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The succession of Thothmes I was the first succession of the 18th Dynasty that did not descend from father to son; the identity of his father remains unknown.

    “This was the first succession of the 18th Dynasty that did not descend from father to son -the identity of his father remains unknown-so as part of the royal ideology the divine descent was emphasized under his reign (Bryan 2003, 220-222).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bryan 2003, 220-222

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The name Thoth is predominantly used to form male names from the Middle Kingdom onwards, and female names from the Second Intermediate Period.

    “The name Thoth 49 is predominantly used to form male names from the Middle Kingdom onwards; and female names from the Second Intermediate Period.50”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Eaton-Krauss, M. 2003: “Encore: The Coffins of Ahhotep, the Wife of Seqeni-en-Re Tao and Mother of Ahmose,” in A. I.Blöbaum, J. Kahl, and S. D. Schweitzer (eds), <i>Ägypten-Münster: kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zu Ägypten, dem Vorderen Orient und verwandten Gebieten: donum natalicium viro doctissimo Erharto Graefe sexagenario ab amicis collegis discipulis ex aedibus Schlaunstrasse 2/Rosenstrasse 9 oblatum</i>, Wiesbaden, 75–89.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Eyre, Ch. 2002:<i> Cannibal Hymn: A Cultural and Literary Study</i>, Liverpool.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Iah is a secondary divinity merely mentioned in religious corpora, without archaeological or iconographic evidence prior to the New Kingdom.

    “Iah is a secondary divinity merely mentioned in religious corpora, without archaeological or iconographic evidence prior to the New Kingdom.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The moon cycle arranges the calendar and the celebration of festivals as recorded in private inscriptions.

    “The moon cycle arranges the calendar and the celebration of festivals as recorded in private inscriptions.4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Assche, B. V. 2010: “Ahmose Sapair: Discussing the Identity of a Deified Prince,” <i>Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities </i>37, 113–121.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Ancient Egyptian religion was of a distinctive solar nature, in which the moon god Iah was regarded as a male deity dimmed by Ra and his solar cult.

    “The ancient Egyptian religion was of a distinctive solar nature, in which the moon god Iah (Ỉ ꜥ ḥ) was regarded as a male deity dimmed by Ra and his solar cult.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The nature of Iah is revealed through funerary texts, portraying him as a nocturnal deity who forms part of the afterworld and describes a rebirth cycle.

    “The nature of Iah is revealed through funerary texts in which few, but noteworthy al-lusions to the god are made, portraying him as a nocturnal deity who forms part of the afterworld and describes a rebirth cycle.5”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Assmann, J. 2001: <i>The Search for God in Ancient Egypt</i>, London.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Under the reigns of the Ahmoside and Thutmoside kings, the moon god became a feature of Theban kingship and played a prominent role in the development of the monarchy.

    “Under the reigns of these kings, Egypt had a period of prosperity and the moon god became a feature of Theban kingship, playing a prominent role in the development of the monarchy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The preference for lunar names marks a difference and implies the creation of a family dynastic line.

    “Hence, it marks a difference and implies the creation of a family dynastic line.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Patterns in royal personal names can identify the creation of a dynastic line.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the religious textual corpora, Thoth and the moon god Iah are two different deities, albeit they share similarities.

    “In the religious textual corpora, Thoth (Ḏḥwty) and the moon god Iah are two different deities (Bleeker 1973, 156; García Fernández 2017, 49), albeit they share similarities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bleeker 1973, 156 source
    • cites García Fernández 2017, 49 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The establishment of king Iahmes I would have led to an emulation movement, explaining the rise of lunar anthroponyms in society.

    “The establishment of king Iahmes I would have led to an emulation movement, explaining the rise of lunar anthroponyms in society.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The decline of Iah was seemingly due to the increased emphasis on the lunar attributes of Thoth, which led to religious syncretism giving rise to the divinity Iah-Thoth.

    “The decline of Iah was seemingly due to the increased emphasis on the lunar attributes of Thoth, which led to religious syncretism giving rise to the divinity Iah-Thoth, for whom a cult and private worship have also been documented.45”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Dodson, A. 1990: “Crown Prince Djehutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty,” <i>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology </i>76, 87–96. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The writing of Iahmes II's name with the lunar crescent pointing downward was first documented in the Middle Kingdom; therefore, it is not a reliable dating criterion.

    “However, this writing characteristic was first documented in the Middle Kingdom; therefore, it is necessary to note that it is not a reliable dating criterion (García Fernández 2021, 871).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites García Fernández 2021, 871

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A preference for lunar names can be traced back to the end of the 17th Dynasty, which was related to consanguinity.

    “A preference for lunar names can be traced back to the end of the 17th Dynasty, which was related to consanguinity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Symbols like the moon and bull were deeply embedded in Western Semitic culture; therefore, foreign influences cannot be dismissed.

    “Symbols like these were deeply embedded in Western Semitic culture; therefore, foreign influences cannot be dismissed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Theophory is a common practice in ancient Egyptian anthroponymy, consisting of incorporating a deity's name into a proper name.

    “A common practice in ancient Egyptian anthroponymy is theophory, which consists of incorporating a deity's name into a proper name.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The scarcity of theophoric names during the Old Kingdom reveals the early importance of the moon in ancient Egyptian society.

    “nevertheless, theophoric names were scarce during this period, revealing the early importance of the moon in ancient Egyptian society.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The moon god and the lunar celestial body are one entity, identified by the same word.

    “Hence, the moon god and the lunar celestial body are one entity, identified by the same word.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Beckerath, J. von 1999: <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>, 2<sup>nd </sup> ed., Mainz am Rhein.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Regardless of how the translation of Iahmes is performed, the relevance of the theonym Iah as part of the anthroponyms of the period is noteworthy.

    “Regardless of how the translation is performed, 15 the most noteworthy is the relevance of the theonym Iah as part of the anthroponyms of the period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Iahmes II asserted sovereignty over both Upper and Lower Egypt with the intention of restoring the splendour of the past, as reflected in his titulary.

    “In light of those circumstances, Iahmes II asserted sovereignty over both Upper and Lower Egypt with the intension of restoring the splendour of the past as reflected in his titulary -triumphant king and war symbology (Leprohon 2010, 7-45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Leprohon 2010, 7-45 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The name Iahmes could be translated in two ways due to its grammatical ambiguity: 'The Moon is born,' taking the verb form as a stative, or '(The one who is) born of the Moon,' taking it as a passive participle.

    “The name Iahmes could be translated in two ways due to its grammatical ambiguity: “The Moon is born,” taking the verb form as a stative (PN I 12, § 19; Gitton 1981, 5; Grimm and Schoske 1999, 35; Vittmann 2013b, 5); or “(The one who is) born of the Moon,” taking it as a passive participle (Barbotin 2015, 41),”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites PN I 12, § 19

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gitton 1981, 5 source
    • cites Barbotin 2015, 41

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The choice of the theophoric name Iahmes could be due to seeking protection from the god by adopting this divine name and/or manifesting or identifying a dynastic line and a political program with the moon, characterised by a monthly restoring cycle.

    “The choice of this particular theophoric name could be due to two reasons: 1) seeking the protection from the god by adopting this divine name; 38 and/or 2) manifesting or identifying a dynastic line and a political program with the moon, characterised by a monthly restoring cycle, in which they would participate (Altmann-Wendling 2021, 227-241).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Altmann-Wendling 2021, 227-241

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lunar and bull symbols have been documented since the dawn of Egyptian culture.

    “Lunar and bull symbols have been documented since the dawn of Egyptian culture.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Boylan, P. M. A. 1922: <i>Thoth, the Hermes of Egypt: A Study of Some Aspects of Theological Thought in Ancient Egypt</i>, London.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These names are indicative of the 17th Dynasty and the first half of the 18th Dynasty.

    “These names are indicative of the 17th Dynasty and the first half of the 18th.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The association between the king and the moon god Iah is reflected not only in the personal names of the royal family but also in the royal inscriptions.

    “The association between the king and the moon god Iah is reflected not only in the personal names of the royal family but also in the royal inscriptions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The influence of Iah on personal names reflects the relevance of this deity, which has gone unnoticed in funerary texts.

    “The influence of Iah on personal names reflects precisely the relevance of this deity which has gone unnoticed in funerary texts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Theophoric personal names incorporating a deity's name reliably indicate that deity's religious and social importance.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Choosing a personal name was a crucial ideological act for kings.

    “Choosing a personal name was a crucial ideological act for kings (Leprohon 2013, 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Leprohon 2013, 5 source

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    These queens held notable titles such as mwt-nswt 'King's Mother,' a feature that ensured their power as regents and secured the throne transition.

    “These queens held notable titles such as mwt-nswt”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tyldesley 2016, 276

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    God's Wife was a title held solely by queens and passed from mother to daughter during the 18th Dynasty.

    “God's Wife was a title held solely by queens and passed from mother to daughter during the 18th Dynasty (Gitton 1984; Robins 1998, 149-156; Ayad 2009; Tyldesley 2016, 275-276).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gitton 1984 source
    • cites Robins 1998, 149-156

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ayad 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Iahmes-Nefertary influenced the designation of Thothmes I as successor due to her dominant position.

    “Iahmes-Nefertary influenced the designation of Thothmes I as successor due to her dominant position.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The Book of the Dead (spell 167, p.Nebseny) describes Thoth as a prominent figure, who returns the Eye of Ra.

    “The Book of the Dead (spell 167, p.Nebseny) describes Thoth as a prominent figure, who returns the Eye of Ra.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In the funerary corpora, the moon god Iah is briefly mentioned as a night-time divinity associated with rebirth and the afterlife.

    “Despite that, in the funerary corpora, the moon god Iah is briefly mentioned as a night-time divinity associated with rebirth and the afterlife.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The moon played a leading role in the organization of ritual time; it marked the funerary festivals calendar according to the lunar cycle.

    “The moon played a leading role in the organization of ritual time; it marked the funerary festivals calendar according to the lunar cycle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Thutmoside kings bore the theophoric name 'Thoth is born,' equivalent to Iahmes, adopting the patronage of the god Thoth.

    “Thutmoside kings bore the theophoric name “Thoth is born” -the equivalent to Iahmesadopting the patronage of the god Thoth (García Fernández 2021, 872).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites García Fernández 2021, 872

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several princesses arose as ruling queens: Iahhotep, Iahmes-Nefertary, Iahmes, and Hatshepsut, who had major roles in the reigns of both husbands and heirs.

    “Despite this restriction, several princesses arose as ruling queens: Iahhotep, Iahmes-Nefertary, Iahmes, and down the line Hatshepsut, who had major roles in the reigns of both husbands and heirs (Bryan 2003, 218).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bryan 2003, 218

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Iahmes-Nefertary was the sister and principal wife of Iahmes II.

    “was the sister and principal wife of Iahmes II.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thoth adopts lunar attributes, as he crosses the sky like the sun.

    “On the one hand, Thoth adopts lunar attributes, as he crosses the sky like the sun: dbn N pt mỉ R ꜥ ḫns.f pt mỉ Ḏḥwty, “N will circumnavigate the sky like Ra, he will cross the sky like Thoth” (PT 210 Pyr.130d).46”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites PT 210 Pyr.130d

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This bonding relates to a theological orientation that emerges around the nature of kingship (solarisation of the sed-festival) and links with the god Ra and the Moon.

    “This bonding relates to a theological orientation that emerges around the nature of kingship (solarisation of the sed-festival) 58 and links with the god Ra and the Moon (Larcher 2016, 60-62).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Larcher 2016, 60-62 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These common ties favoured the development of an initial syncretism, documented for the first time in the Middle Kingdom, giving rise to the divinity Iah-Thoth.

    “These common ties favoured the development of an initial syncretism, documented for the first time in the Middle Kingdom, giving rise to the divinity Iah-Thoth.48”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Dziobek, E., and M. ʿAbd al-Rāziq 1990: <i>Das Grab des Sobekhotep: Theben Nr. 63</i>, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 71, Mainz am Rhein.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The queen, associated with Isis, is a crucial figure in the transmission of royal power, thereby accentuating the maternal line.

    “The queen, associated with Isis (Isis-Horus/mother-son relationship) (Forgeau 2010), is a crucial figure in the transmission of royal power,foot_13 thereby accentuating the maternal line.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Forgeau 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Iahmes II, Amenhotep I, and Thothmes III were children when they ascended to power.

    “Iahmes II, Amenhotep I, and Thothmes III were children when they ascended to power.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The deity Iah is rarely mentioned in onomastics.

    “In addition, the deity is rarely mentioned in onomastics; and there is no archaeological evidence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Queens sitting on the throne as regents played a prominent role in dynastic succession and were key figures in the development of history.

    “Sitting upon the throne as regents, 63 they have played a prominent role in the dynastic succession and have been key figures in the development of the history (Barbotin 2015, 24).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Barbotin 2015, 24

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Based on onomastic evidence, Thoth became increasingly powerful within royal bounds and gained a religious and social influence.

    “Based on onomastic evidence, Thoth became increasingly powerful within royal bounds and gained a religious and social influence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Theophoric personal names incorporating a deity's name reliably indicate that deity's religious and social importance.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This syncretic process was reinforced during the New Kingdom, and from this union Thoth was established as one of the foremost lunar gods.

    “This process was reinforced during the New Kingdom and from this union Thoth was established as one of the foremost lunar gods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Iah is subsequently replaced, partially, by Thoth, a god who came to reign as sovereign over the world.

    “Iah is subsequently replaced, partially, by Thoth, a god who came to reign as sovereign over the world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Both Iah and Thoth became dynastic deities representing and identifying with the royal family-Ahmoside and Thutmoside-but also reframing the ideology of kingship.

    “In summary, both Iah and Thoth became dynastic deities representing and identifying with the royal family -Ahmoside and Thutmoside-but also reframing the ideology of kingship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
72 of 72

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Theophoric personal names incorporating a deity's name reliably indicate that deity's religious and social importance.

    “The influence of Iah on personal names reflects precisely the relevance of this deity which has gone unnoticed in funerary texts.”
    “During this period, the lunar names of the royalty and, by extension, the non-royal individuals attest to the importance of the lunar god in society.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Patterns in royal personal names can identify the creation of a dynastic line.

    “Hence, it marks a difference and implies the creation of a family dynastic line.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    An increase in lunar anthroponyms reflects an actual increase in the religious importance of the moon god rather than only a change in naming fashion.

    “there is an unprecedented increase in lunar anthroponyms among both royalty and non-royals, prevailing in two lunar names: Ahmose/ Iahmes (Ỉ ꜥ ḥ-ms), 7 “The Moon is born” and Thothmes/Djehutymes (Ḏḥwty-ms), 8 “Thoth is born.””

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ancient Egyptian society and religion were dominated by Ra and the solar cult.

    “Ancient Egyptian society and religion were dominated by Ra and the solar cult.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical research has been conducted primarily under the solarisation prism, while the Moon held a secondary position.

    “Therefore, historical research has been conducted primarily under the solarisation prism; while the Moon held a secondary position.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The figure of the Moon god has been overlooked in scholarship until now.

    “The figure of the Moon god has been a feature of Theban kingship during its period of maximum splendour which has been overlooked so far.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no archaeological evidence for the moon god Iah.

    “In addition, the deity is rarely mentioned in onomastics; and there is no archaeological evidence.”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Early New Kingdom lunar-name total is off by one

    Minor

    The passage reports ten names but divides them into three kings or princes and eight queens or princesses, totaling eleven. Table 2 also lists eleven entries.

    Reported 10 · recomputed 11

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Altmann-Wendling, V. 2021: “Der Mond als Mittel zur Macht. Lunare Konzepte und Königtum im alten Ägypten,” in H.Meller, A. Reichenberger, and R. Risch (eds), <i>Zeit ist Macht. Wer macht Zeit/Time is power. Who makes time?</i> <i>13. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag 2020/13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany</i>, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 24, Halle, 227–241.
  2. Assche, B. V. 2010: “Ahmose Sapair: Discussing the Identity of a Deified Prince,” <i>Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities </i>37, 113–121.
  3. Bács, T. A. 2008: “Ahmose at Rosetau: A Curious Early Ramesside Attestation,” in Á. Szabó (ed.), <i>Cultus Deorum: Studia Religionum ad Historiam I; De Oriente Antiquo et Regione Danuvii Praehistorica in Memoriam István Tóth</i>, Budapest, 111–122.
  4. Breasted, J. H. 1906: <i>Ancient Records of Egypt: The Eighteen Dynasty</i>, vol. 2, Illinois.
  5. Bryan, B. M. 2003: “The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period (c. 1550–1352 BC),” in I. Shaw (ed.), <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>, 2<sup>nd </sup> ed., Oxford, New York, 207– 264.
  6. Cervelló Autuori, J. 2011: “The Sun-Religion in the Thinite Age: Evidence and Political Significance,” in R. F. Friedman, and P. N. Fiske (eds), <i>Egypt at Its Origins 3. Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium on Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, London, 2008</i>,<i> </i>Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 205, Leuven, 1125–1150.
  7. Davies, N., and M. F. L. Macadam 1957: <i>The Corpus of Inscribed Egyptian Funerary Cones</i>, Oxford.
  8. Demas, M., and N. Agnew (eds) 2012: <i>Valley of the Queen. Assessment Report: Conservation and Management Planning</i>, vol. 1, Los Angeles.
  9. Frandsen, P. J. 2008: “Aspects of Kingship in Ancient Egypt,” in N. Brisch (ed.), <i>Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond</i>, Oriental Institute Seminars 4, Chicago, 47–73.
  10. Gabolde, L. 1991: “Un fragment de stèle au nom d’Ahmès-Néfertary provenant de Karnak,” <i>Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale </i>91, 161–171.
  11. Gardiner, A. H. 1959:<i> The Royal Canon of Turin</i>, Oxford.
  12. Gardiner, A. H. 1994: <i>Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs</i>, 3<sup>rd </sup> ed., Oxford.
  13. Gitton, M. 1976: “La rescisión fonction d’une religieuse: nouvelle interprétation de la stèle de donation d’Ahmes Nefertary,” <i>Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale </i>76, 65–89.
  14. Gitton, M. 1979: “Nouvelles remarques sur la stèle de donation d’Ahmes Néfertary,” <i>Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale </i>79, 327–331.
  15. Goebs, K. 2007: “Kingship,” in T. Wilkinson (ed.), <i>The Egyptian World</i>, London, New York, 275–295.
  16. Goyon, J. C. 2013: “Thèbes: Khonsou, Thot et la monarchie pharaonique après la Troisième Période de Transition. La fête de Thot du 19 du premier mois de l’année et rites de confirmation du pouvoir royal à Karnak, Edfou et Philae (I),” in Ch. Thiers (ed.), <i>Documents de Théologies Thébaines Tardives (D3T 2)</i>, Cahiers Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 8, Montpellier, 33–93.
  17. Goyon, J. C. 2015: “Thèbes, Khonsou, Thot et la monarchie pharaonique après la Troisième Période de Tansition. Fête de Thot du 19 du premier mois de l’année et rites de confirmation du pouvoir royal à Karnak, Edfou et Philæ (II),” in Ch. Thiers (ed.), <i>Documents de Théologies Thébaines Tardives (D3T 3)</i>, Cahiers Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 13, Montpellier, 29–89.
  18. Harvey, S. P. 1998: <i>The Cults of King Ahmose at Abydos</i>, PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
  19. Hayes, W. Ch. 1978: <i>The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom</i>, vol. 1, Cambridge. Retrieved from<i> </i>https:// www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Scepter_of_Egypt_Vol_1_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_End_of_the_Middle_Kingdom (last accessed September 23, 2023).
  20. Hendrickx, S., F. Förster, and M. Eyckerman 2019: “Le taureau à l’époque prédynastique et son importance pour le développement de l’iconographie royale – avec un excursus sur l’origine du sceptre héqa,” in S. H. Aufrère (ed.), <i>Les taureaux de l’Égypte ancienne. Publication éditée à l’occasion de la 14e rencontre d’égyptologie de Nîmes</i>, 19 janvier 2019, Nîmes, 33–73.
  21. Herbin, F. R. 1982: “Hymne à la lune croissante,” <i>Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale</i> 82, 237–282.
  22. Jackson, B. 2021: “The Veneration of Amenhotep III and Lunar Cult during the Reign of Akhenaten,” <i>Egyptology Unit: Exalted Spirits Conference, November 2021</i>. 21. Retrieved from<i> </i>https://fount.aucegypt.edu/exaltedspirits/21 (last ac cessed September 23, 2023).
  23. Jacquet, J. 1976: “Fouilles de Karnak-Nord. Huitième Campagne (1974–1975),” <i>Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale</i> 76, 134–142.
  24. Lange, H. O., and H. Schäfer 1902: <i>Grab- und Denksteine des Mittleren Reichs im Museum von Kairo</i> <i>(no. 20001–20780)</i>, vol. 1, Berlin.
  25. Leemans, C., and W. Pleyte 1846: <i>Aegyptische monumenten van het Nederlandsche Museum van Oudheden te Leyden</i>, vol. 2, Leyden.
  26. Leitz, Ch. 1994: “Auseinandersetzung zwischen Baba und Thoth,” in H. Behlmer (ed.), <i>Quaerentes scientiam: Festgabe für Wolfhart Westendorf zu seinem 70</i>. <i>Geburtstag überreicht von seinen Schülern</i>, Göttingen, 103–117.
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Related

Authors
GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, G.
Affiliations
Lecturer, Kagawa University Visiting Fellow, Kanazawa University, Japan
Venue
Orient
Publisher
The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan
Published
2024-03-31
Volume
59
Issue
0
Pages
13-35
ISSN
  • 0473-3851 (ISSN-L)
  • 1884-1392
DOI
10.5356/orient.59.13
OpenAlex
W4402824474
Semantic Scholar
cd35c9cf4dd62ce4f1ad68c45d00a0c81932747b
Cited by
0
References
74
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Orient (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Egypt and Archaeology
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Classical Antiquity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient Near East History
Keywords
ancient Egyptian kingship, moon god, lunar deities, Thoth, 17th Dynasty, Eighteenth Dynasty, royal names, Egyptian kingship

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