CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 31Epigenetics and DNA MethylationDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchGlioma Diagnosis and Treatment

A concise review of human brain methylome during aging and neurodegenerative diseases

Open access
Prasad G, Renuka, Jho, Eek-hoon·2019·BMB Reports
DOI 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.10.215PMC PMC6827576
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

DNA methylation at CpG sites is an essential epigenetic mark that regulates gene expression during mammalian development and diseases. Methylome refers to the entire set of methylation modifications present in the whole genome. Over the last several years, an increasing number of reports on brain DNA methylome reported the association between aberrant methylation and the abnormalities in the expression of critical genes known to have critical roles during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, the role of methylation in understanding neurodegenerative diseases has been under focus. This review outlines the current knowledge of the human brain DNA methylomes during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe the differentially methylated genes from fetal stage to old age and their biological functions. Additionally, we summarize the key aspects and methylated genes identified from brain methylome studies on neurodegenerative diseases. The brain methylome studies could provide a basis for studying the functional aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(10): 577-588].

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.10.215

Cites

11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • During aging, human brain DNA methylation levels gradually increase at genomic loci located at CpG islands and gene promoters, whereas intergenic CpG sites are marked with hypomethylation.

    “These observations are consistent with the knowledge that during aging, human brain DNA methylation levels gradually increase (hypermethylation) at genomic loci located at CpG islands and gene promoters, whereas intergenic CpG sites are marked with hypomethylation [50, 51].”

    From Sex-specific DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2021) · cites this paper as [50]

    The Introduction (page not provided) reports gradually increasing methylation at many loci in the aging human cerebral cortex, but does not identify those loci generally as CpG islands or gene promoters. The genome-wide aging section (page not provided) reports intergenic hypomethylation and CpG-island hypermethylation in a comparison of newborns and centenarians; it does not establish that this whole pattern occurs gradually in the human brain or at gene promoters. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 87

  1. [1]Wyatt G 1951 Recognition and estimation of 5-methylcytosine in nucleic acids Biochem J 48 581 14838905 PMC1275378
  2. [2]Hotchkiss RD 1948 The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by paper chromatography J Biol Chem 175 315 332 18873306
  3. [3]Bird AP 1980 DNA methylation and the frequency of CpG in animal DNA Nucleic Acids Res 8 1499 1504 10.1093/nar/8.7.1499 6253938 PMC324012 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [4]Illingworth RS Gruenewald-Schneider U Webb S 2010 Orphan CpG islands identify numerous conserved promoters in the mammalian genome PLoS Genet 6 e1001134 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001134 20885785 PMC2944787 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [5]Ladd-Acosta C Pevsner J Sabunciyan S 2007 DNA methylation signatures within the human brain Am J Hum Genet 81 1304 1315 10.1086/524110 17999367 PMC2276356 · DOI
  6. [6]Siegmund KD Connor CM Campan M 2007 DNA methylation in the human cerebral cortex is dynamically regulated throughout the life span and involves differentiated neurons PLoS One 2 e895 10.1371/journal.pone.0000895 17878930 PMC1964879 · DOI
  7. [8]Hsieh CL 1994 Dependence of transcriptional repression on CpG methylation density Mol Cell Biol 14 5487 5494 10.1128/MCB.14.8.5487 7518564 PMC359068 · DOI
  8. [9]Laurent L Wong E Li G 2010 Dynamic changes in the human methylome during differentiation Genome Res 20 320 331 10.1101/gr.101907.109 20133333 PMC2840979 · DOI
  9. [10]Lister R Pelizzola M Dowen RH 2009 Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences Nature 462 315 10.1038/nature08514 19829295 PMC2857523 · DOI · Paper page
  10. [11]Rauch TA Wu X Zhong X Riggs AD Pfeifer GP 2009 A human B cell methylome at 100– base pair resolution Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 671 678 10.1073/pnas.0812399106 19139413 PMC2621253 · DOI
  11. [12]Nan X Ng HH Johnson CA 1998 Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex Nature 393 386 10.1038/30764 9620804 · DOI · Paper page
  12. [14]Gartler SM Riggs AD 1983 Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation Annu Rev Genet 17 155 190 10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.001103 6364959 · DOI
  13. [15]Reik W Collick A Norris ML Barton SC Surani MA 1987 Genomic imprinting determines methylation of parental alleles in transgenic mice Nature 328 248 10.1038/328248a0 3600805 · DOI
  14. [16]Swain JL Stewart TA Leder P 1987 Parental legacy determines methylation and expression of an autosomal transgene: a molecular mechanism for parental imprinting Cell 50 719 727 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90330-8 3040259 · DOI
  15. [17]Day JJ Sweatt JD 2010 DNA methylation and memory formation Nat Neurosci 13 1319 10.1038/nn.2666 20975755 PMC3130618 · DOI
  16. [18]Counts JL Goodman JI 1995 Alterations in DNA methylation may play a variety of roles in carcinogenesis Cell 83 13 15 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90228-7 7553865 · DOI
  17. [19]Jähner D Stuhlmann H Stewart CL 1982 De novo methylation and expression of retroviral genomes during mouse embryogenesis Nature 298 623 10.1038/298623a0 6285203 · DOI
  18. [20]Walsh CP Chaillet JR Bestor TH 1998 Transcription of IAP endogenous retroviruses is constrained by cytosine methylation Nat Genet 20 116 10.1038/2413 9771701 · DOI · Paper page
  19. [21]Hermann A Gowher H Jeltsch A 2004 Biochemistry and biology of mammalian DNA methyltransferases Cell Mol Life Sci 61 2571 2587 10.1007/s00018-004-4201-1 15526163 PMC11924487 · DOI
  20. [22]Okano M Bell DW Haber DA Li E 1999 DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development Cell 99 247 257 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81656-6 10555141 · DOI · Paper page
  21. [23]Gruenbaum Y Cedar H Razin A 1982 Substrate and sequence specificity of a eukaryotic DNA methylase Nature 295 620 10.1038/295620a0 7057921 · DOI
  22. [24]Guo JU Su Y Shin JH 2014 Distribution, recognition and regulation of non-CpG methylation in the adult mammalian brain Nat Neurosci 17 215 10.1038/nn.3607 24362762 PMC3970219 · DOI · Paper page
  23. [25]Feng J Zhou Y Campbell SL 2010 Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons Nat Neurosci 13 423 10.1038/nn.2514 20228804 PMC3060772 · DOI · Paper page
  24. [26]Veldic M Caruncho H Liu W 2004 DNA-methyltransferase 1 mRNA is selectively overexpressed in telencephalic GABAergic interneurons of schizophrenia brains Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 348 353 10.1073/pnas.2637013100 14684836 PMC314188 · DOI
  25. [27]Kriaucionis S Heintz N 2009 The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain Science 324 929 930 10.1126/science.1169786 19372393 PMC3263819 · DOI · Paper page
  26. [28]Tahiliani M Koh KP Shen Y 2009 Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1 Science 324 930 935 10.1126/science.1170116 19372391 PMC2715015 · DOI · Paper page
  27. [29]He YF Li BZ Li Z 2011 Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA Science 333 1303 1307 10.1126/science.1210944 21817016 PMC3462231 · DOI
  28. [30]Ito S Shen L Dai Q 2011 Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine Science 333 1300 1303 10.1126/science.1210597 21778364 PMC3495246 · DOI · Paper page
  29. [31]Yu M Hon GC Szulwach KE 2012 Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome Cell 149 1368 1380 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.027 22608086 PMC3589129 · DOI
  30. [32]Zhang L Lu X Lu J 2012 Thymine DNA glycosylase specifically recognizes 5-carboxylcytosine-modified DNA Nat Chem Biol 8 328 10.1038/nchembio.914 22327402 PMC3307914 · DOI
  31. [33]Rai K Huggins IJ James SR Karpf AR Jones DA Cairns BR 2008 DNA demethylation in zebrafish involves the coupling of a deaminase, a glycosylase, and gadd45 Cell 135 1201 1212 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.042 19109892 PMC2629358 · DOI
  32. [34]Bhutani N Brady JJ Damian M Sacco A Corbel SY Blau HM 2010 Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylation Nature 463 1042 10.1038/nature08752 20027182 PMC2906123 · DOI
  33. [35]Bhutani N Burns DM Blau HM 2011 DNA demethylation dynamics Cell 146 866 872 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.042 21925312 PMC3236603 · DOI
  34. [36]Santiago M Antunes C Guedes M Sousa N Marques CJ 2014 TET enzymes and DNA hydroxymethylation in neural development and function—how critical are they? Genomics 104 334 340 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.018 25200796 · DOI
  35. [37]Ito S D’alessio AC Taranova OV Hong K Sowers LC Zhang Y 2010 Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification Nature 466 1129 10.1038/nature09303 20639862 PMC3491567 · DOI
  36. [38]Dawlaty MM Breiling A Le T 2013 Combined deficiency of Tet1 and Tet2 causes epigenetic abnormalities but is compatible with postnatal development Dev Cell 24 310 323 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.12.015 23352810 PMC3574201 · DOI
  37. [39]Portela A Esteller M 2010 Epigenetic modifications and human disease Nat Biotechnol 28 1057 10.1038/nbt.1685 20944598 · DOI
  38. [40]Heyward FD Sweatt JD 2015 DNA methylation in memory formation: emerging insights Neuroscientist 21 475 489 10.1177/1073858415579635 25832671 PMC4770785 · DOI
  39. [41]Antequera F Bird A 1993 Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 11995 11999 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11995 7505451 PMC48112 · DOI
  40. [42]Consortium IHGS 2001 Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome Nature 409 860 10.1038/35057062 11237011 · DOI · Paper page
  41. [43]Ioshikhes IP Zhang MQ 2000 Large-scale human promoter mapping using CpG islands Nat Genet 26 61 10.1038/79189 10973249 · DOI
  42. [44]Saxonov S Berg P Brutlag DL 2006 A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 1412 1417 10.1073/pnas.0510310103 16432200 PMC1345710 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [45]Illingworth R Kerr A DeSousa D 2008 A novel CpG island set identifies tissue-specific methylation at developmental gene loci PLoS Biol 6 e22 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060022 18232738 PMC2214817 · DOI
  44. [47]Hernandez DG Nalls MA Gibbs JR 2011 Distinct DNA methylation changes highly correlated with chronological age in the human brain Hum Mol Genet 20 1164 1172 10.1093/hmg/ddq561 21216877 PMC3043665 · DOI
  45. [48]Horvath S Zhang Y Langfelder P 2012 Aging effects on DNA methylation modules in human brain and blood tissue Genome Biol 13 R97 10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r97 23034122 PMC4053733 · DOI
  46. [49]Heyn H Li N Ferreira HJ 2012 Distinct DNA methylomes of newborns and centenarians Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 10522 10527 10.1073/pnas.1120658109 22689993 PMC3387108 · DOI · Paper page
  47. [50]Horvath S 2013 DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types Genome Biol 14 3156 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115 PMC4015143 24138928 · DOI · Paper page
  48. [51]Hannum G Guinney J Zhao L 2013 Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates Mol Cell 49 359 367 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016 23177740 PMC3780611 · DOI · Paper page
  49. [52]Jung SE Shin KJ Lee HY 2017 DNA methylation-based age prediction from various tissues and body fluids BMB Rep 50 546 553 10.5483/BMBRep.2017.50.11.175 28946940 PMC5720467 · DOI
  50. [53]Day K Waite LL Thalacker-Mercer A 2013 Differential DNA methylation with age displays both common and dynamic features across human tissues that are influenced by CpG landscape Genome Biol 14 R102 10.1186/gb-2013-14-9-r102 24034465 PMC4053985 · DOI
  51. [54]Levine ME Lu AT Quach A 2018 An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan Aging (Albany NY) 10 573 10.18632/aging.101414 29676998 PMC5940111 · DOI · Paper page
  52. [55]Horvath S Raj K 2018 DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing Nat Rev Genet 19 371 10.1038/s41576-018-0004-3 29643443 · DOI · Paper page
  53. [56]Horvath S Mah V Lu AT 2015 The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock Aging (Albany NY) 7 294 10.18632/aging.100742 26000617 PMC4468311 · DOI · Paper page
  54. [58]Davies MN Volta M Pidsley R 2012 Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood Genome Biol 13 R43 10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r43 22703893 PMC3446315 · DOI · Paper page
  55. [59]Spiers H Hannon E Schalkwyk LC 2015 Methylomic trajectories across human fetal brain development Genome Res 25 338 352 10.1101/gr.180273.114 25650246 PMC4352878 · DOI · Paper page
  56. [60]Lister R Mukamel EA Nery JR 2013 Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development Science 341 1237905 10.1126/science.1237905 23828890 PMC3785061 · DOI · Paper page
  57. [61]Bakulski KM Dolinoy DC Sartor MA 2012 Genome-wide DNA methylation differences between late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively normal controls in human frontal cortex J Alzheimers Dis 29 571 588 10.3233/JAD-2012-111223 22451312 PMC3652332 · DOI · Paper page
  58. [62]Rao J Keleshian V Klein S Rapoport S 2012 Epigenetic modifications in frontal cortex from Alzheimer’s disease and bipolar disorder patients Transl Psychiatry 2 e132 10.1038/tp.2012.55 22760556 PMC3410632 · DOI
  59. [63]Kaut O Schmitt I Wüllner U 2012 Genome-scale methylation analysis of Parkinson’s disease patients’ brains reveals DNA hypomethylation and increased mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 Neurogenetics 13 87 91 10.1007/s10048-011-0308-3 22238121 · DOI
  60. [64]Sanchez-Mut JV Aso E Panayotis N 2013 DNA methylation map of mouse and human brain identifies target genes in Alzheimer’s disease Brain 136 3018 3027 10.1093/brain/awt237 24030951 PMC3784285 · DOI · Paper page
  61. [65]Sanchez-Mut JV Aso E Heyn H 2014 Promoter hypermethylation of the phosphatase DUSP22 mediates PKA-dependent TAU phosphorylation and CREB activation in Alzheimer’s disease Hippocampus 24 363 368 10.1002/hipo.22245 24436131 PMC4233982 · DOI
  62. [66]Yu L Chibnik LB Srivastava GP 2015 Association of Brain DNA methylation in SORL1, ABCA7, HLA-DRB5, SLC24A4, and BIN1 with pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer disease JAMA Neurol 72 15 24 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3049 25365775 PMC4344367 · DOI · Paper page
  63. [69]Bae JR Kim SH 2017 Synapses in neurodegenerative diseases BMB Rep 50 237 246 10.5483/BMBRep.2017.50.5.038 28270301 PMC5458673 · DOI
  64. [70]Delgado-Morales R Esteller M 2017 Opening up the DNA methylome of dementia Mol Psychiatry 22 485 10.1038/mp.2016.242 28044062 PMC5378809 · DOI
  65. [72]Cho S Ahn E An H 2017 Association of miR-938G> A polymorphisms with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)-related gene expression Int J Mol Sci 18 1255 10.3390/ijms18061255 PMC5486077 28604625 · DOI
  66. [73]Lord J Cruchaga C 2014 The epigenetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease Nat Neurosci 17 1138 10.1038/nn.3792 25157507 PMC5472058 · DOI · Paper page
  67. [74]Sanchez-Mut JV Heyn H Vidal E 2016 Human DNA methylomes of neurodegenerative diseases show common epigenomic patterns Transl Psychiatry 6 e718 10.1038/tp.2015.214 26784972 PMC5068885 · DOI
  68. [75]Galpern WR Lang AE 2006 Interface between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: a tale of two proteins Ann Neurol 59 449 458 10.1002/ana.20819 16489609 · DOI
  69. [76]Lippa CF Schmidt ML Lee VMY Trojanowski JQ 1999 Antibodies to α-synuclein detect Lewy bodies in many Down’s syndrome brains with Alzheimer’s disease Ann Neurol 45 353 357 10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<353::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-4 10072050 · DOI
  70. [77]van Eijk KR de Jong S Boks MP 2012 Genetic analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression levels in whole blood of healthy human subjects BMC Genomics 13 636 10.1186/1471-2164-13-636 23157493 PMC3583143 · DOI
  71. [79]Chibnik LB Yu L Eaton ML 2015 Alzheimer’s loci: epigenetic associations and interaction with genetic factors Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2 636 647 10.1002/acn3.201 26125039 PMC4479524 · DOI · Paper page
  72. [80]Kalia LV Lang AE 2015 Parkinson’s disease The Lancet 386 896 912 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3 25904081 · DOI
  73. [81]Trinh J Farrer M 2013 Advances in the genetics of Parkinson disease Nat Rev Neurol 9 445 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.132 23857047 · DOI
  74. [82]Consortium IPsDG and 2 WTCCC 2011 A two-stage meta-analysis identifies several new loci for Parkinson’s disease PLoS Genet 7 e1002142 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002142 21738488 PMC3128098 · DOI
  75. [83]Masliah E Dumaop W Galasko D Desplats P 2013 Distinctive patterns of DNA methylation associated with Parkinson disease: identification of concordant epigenetic changes in brain and peripheral blood leukocytes Epigenetics 8 1030 1038 10.4161/epi.25865 23907097 PMC3891683 · DOI
  76. [85]Belzil VV Katzman RB Petrucelli L 2016 ALS and FTD: an epigenetic perspective Acta Neuropathol 132 487 502 10.1007/s00401-016-1587-4 27282474 PMC5138862 · DOI
  77. [88]Russ J Liu EY Wu K 2015 Hypermethylation of repeat expanded C9orf72 is a clinical and molecular disease modifier Acta Neuropathol 129 39 52 10.1007/s00401-014-1365-0 25388784 PMC4282973 · DOI
  78. [89]Xi Z Rainero I Rubino E 2014 Hypermethylation of the CpG-island near the C9orf72 G4C2-repeat expansion in FTLD patients Hum Mol Genet 23 5630 5637 10.1093/hmg/ddu279 24908669 · DOI
  79. [90]McColgan P Tabrizi SJ 2018 Huntington’s disease: a clinical review Eur J Neurol 25 24 34 10.1111/ene.13413 28817209 · DOI
  80. [91]Bates GP Dorsey R Gusella JF 2015 Huntington disease Nat Rev Dis Primers 1 15005 10.1038/nrdp.2015.5 27188817 · DOI · Paper page
  81. [92]De Souza RA Islam SA McEwen LM 2016 DNA methylation profiling in human Huntington’s disease brain Hum Mol Genet 25 2013 2030 10.1093/hmg/ddw076 26953320 · DOI
  82. [93]Villar-Menéndez I Blanch M Tyebji S 2013 Increased 5-methylcytosine and decreased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels are associated with reduced striatal A 2A R levels in Huntington’s disease Neuromolecular Med 15 295 309 10.1007/s12017-013-8219-0 23385980 · DOI
  83. [94]Faguy K 2016 Multiple sclerosis: An update Radiol Technol 87 529 550 27146176
  84. [95]Lindberg RL De Groot CJ Certa U 2004 Multiple sclerosis as a generalized CNS disease—comparative microarray analysis of normal appearing white matter and lesions in secondary progressive MS J Neuroimmunol 152 154 167 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.03.011 15223248 · DOI
  85. [96]Pedre X Mastronardi F Bruck W López-Rodas G Kuhlmann T Casaccia P 2011 Changed histone acetylation patterns in normal-appearing white matter and early multiple sclerosis lesions J Neurosci 31 3435 3445 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4507-10.2011 21368055 PMC3081530 · DOI
  86. [97]Mastronardi FG Wood DD Mei J 2006 Increased citrullination of histone H3 in multiple sclerosis brain and animal models of demyelination: a role for tumor necrosis factor-induced peptidylarginine deiminase 4 translocation J Neurosci 26 11387 11396 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3349-06.2006 17079667 PMC6674531 · DOI
  87. [98]Huynh JL Garg P Thin TH 2014 Epigenome-wide differences in pathology-free regions of multiple sclerosis–affected brains Nat Neurosci 17 121 10.1038/nn.3588 24270187 PMC3934491 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Prasad G, R., & Jho, E.-H.
Affiliations
  • Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
  • University of Seoul (KR)
ORCID
Jho, Eek-hoon
Venue
BMB Reports
Publisher
Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - BMB Reports
Published
2019-10-31
Volume
52
Issue
10
Pages
577-588
ISSN
  • 1976-6696 (ISSN-L)
  • 1976-670X
DOI
10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.10.215
PMC
PMC6827576
OpenAlex
W2987442802
Cited by
31
References
11
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • BMB Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
University of Seoul
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords
DNA methylation, CpG sites, epigenetics, brain aging, neurodegenerative diseases, differentially methylated genes, gene expression regulation, fetal brain development
MeSH terms
Epigenome, Aging, Animals, Brain, Humans, CpG Islands, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Gene Expression Profiling, Epigenesis, Genetic, Transcriptome, Gene Ontology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review