Meta-analyses of the Association of Sleep Apnea with Insulin Resistance, and the Effects of CPAP on HOMA-IR, Adiponectin, and Visceral Adipose Fat
Open accessAbstract
Objective We sought to conduct an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on insulin resistance, as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), visceral abdominal fat (VAF), and adiponectin. Additionally, we performed a separate meta-analysis and meta-regression of studies on the association of insulin resistance and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Methods All included studies were searched from PubMed (from conception to March 15, 2014). Data were pooled across all included RCTs as the mean difference in HOMA-IR and VAF, and as the standardized mean difference in the case of adiponectin analysis. From the included case-control studies, data on the difference of HOMA-IR between cases and controls were pooled across all studies, as the standardized mean difference (SMD).Results There was a significant difference in HOMA-IR (-0.43 [95% CIs: -0.75 to -0.11], p = 0.008) between CPAP treated and non CPAP treated participants. However, there was no significant difference in VAF or adiponectin; (-47.93 [95% CI: -112.58 to 16.72], p = 0.14) and (-0.06 [95% CI: -0.28 to 0.15], p = 0.56), respectively. Meta-analysis of 16 case-control studies showed a pooled SMD in HOMA-IR of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28 to 0.75), p ≤ 0.001, between cases and controls.Conclusions The results of our meta-analyses show that CPAP has a favorable effect on insulin resistance. This effect is not associated with any significant changes in total adiponectin levels or amount of VAF. Our findings also confirm a significant association between OSA and insulin resistance.
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Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms linking OSA to myocardial ischemia include sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, insulin resistance, and a hypercoagulable state.
“A number of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms have been implicated including sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, insulin resistance, and hypercoagulable state.641,655–663”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [656]
The paper's Abstract (page not provided) reports an association between OSA and insulin resistance and describes a metabolic pathway leading to cardiovascular disease. It does not specifically address myocardial ischemia or establish sympathetic hyperactivity, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, or a hypercoagulable state as mechanisms. With multiple citations attached to the sentence, this source supports its metabolic and insulin-resistance portion, not the full list. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA meta-analysis of 16 case-controlled studies found a significant relationship between increasing HOMA-IR and baseline body mass index, but not with age, apnea-hypopnea index, or gender.
“An MA by Iftikhar et al. evaluated 16 case–controlled studies to evaluate the association between OSA and insulin resistance. This study found a significant relationship for increasing HOMA-IR with baseline BMI, but not with age, AHI, or gender.”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [656]
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- Authors
- Iftikhar, I. H., Hoyos, C. M., Phillips, C. L., & Magalang, U. J.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Published
- 2015-04-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 475-485
- ISSN
- 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9397
- PMC
- PMC4365462
- OpenAlex
- W2317233492
- Semantic Scholar
- 950852e4a599bf8c437b089a725600e0fdd0d665
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001070, UL1TR000090)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-093463, R01HL093463)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- obstructive sleep apnea, insulin resistance, continuous positive airway pressure, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, visceral adipose tissue, sleep-disordered breathing
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Insulin Resistance, Middle Aged, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Adiponectin
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