The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat
Open accessAbstract
Bibliography: p. 285-288
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the wild, as juvenile rats age, they would not only have access to their littermates, but also peers from nearby litters, and therefore many potential partners of both sexes (Calhoun 1963; Schweinfurth 2020). Thus, in natural settings, rats would have choice with whom to play, a choice that laboratory rats tested in pairs are not afforded.”
From Partner Choice and Context‐Dependent Sex Differences in Rat Rough‐and‐Tumble Play (2026) · cites this paper as Calhoun 1963
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For example, data from naturalistic settings suggests that low food availability promote antagonistic in-group interactions between rodents-the advantages of dominant position become more pronounced under limited resources conditions.24,25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Within those groups, rats rarely fight with each other (but often attack intruders) and often sleep together in common burrows.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Some rats transfer from one collective to another.These individuals, however, are usually subordinates.25 They do not play an active reproductive role, and often are unsuccessful in maintaining body weight (see Section 4).”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Those are: longer residence on a given territory than a rival, being older and heavier, history of winning previous fights and lack of stressful, traumatizing events.25,50,76,92,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In naturalistic conditions, wild rats display robust social dominance, which was described in detail by Calhoun.25,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that omegas are the animals which do not accept their social position and might be the most probable to either change it or leave the colony.25,50”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This is reflected mainly by fighting for food.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Such fights are most intensive when clear hierarchy is not yet established.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In stable groups, even though overt aggression is largely reduced, animals can treat each other differently depending on their social position.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Although dominance between females is typically much less pronounced and they display fewer fights and injuries than males, they probably form dominance ranks as well.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Secondly, literature suggests that dominance hierarchies are generally less pronounced among domesticated rats than in the wild.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Keeping this in mind, social stressors play major role in the regulation of wild rats population: omegas have the lowest chance of survival despite access to food 25,50 and housing.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- [6](6) Davis, D. E. : The role of intraspecific competition in game management. Trans. North Amer. Wildlife Conference 14: 225-231 (1949).
- [7](7) Wright, S.: In J. Huxley (Ed.), The New Systema- tics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940, 161-183.
- [13](13) Calhoun, J. B.: Twenty-four hour periodicities in the animal kingdom. Part II. The vertebrates. J. Tennessee Academy Science 20: 228-231, 291-308, 373-378; 21 : 208-216, 281-282 (1945-46).
- [19](19) Bishop, F. C., Mitchell, J. D., and Parman, D. C.: Screw worms and other maggots affecting animals. U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bulletin, No. 857, 19 pp. (1922).
- [27](27) \j>vv.K7. t K. Z.: The comparative method in studing innate behavior patterns. Symposia of the Society i >r Experimental Biology, No. IV, Animal Behavior, pp. 221 268 (1950).
- [28](28) Davis, I). E.: The characteristics of rat populations. Quarterly Review of Biology 28: 373-401 (1953).
- [29](29) Barnett, S. A.: The biology of rat populations. Surgo, Candlemans, pp. 111-115 (1952).
- [31](31) Chitty, D., and Southern, H. N.: Control of rats and mice. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954, Vol. 1 and 2, Rats, 532 p.; Vol. 3, Mice, 225 p.
- [32](32) Hirst, L. F.: The conquest of plague. A study of the evolution of epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 1953, 478 pp.
- [33](33) Castle, W. E.: The domestication of the rat. Proc. National Academy Science 33: 109-117 (1947).
- [38](38) Farris, E. J., and Griffith, J. Q.: The rat in lab- oratory investigation. Second edition Philadelphia, Pa., J. B. Lippincott Co., 1949, 542 pp.
- [41](41) Allee, W. C., Emerson, A., Park, O., Park, T., and Schmidt, K.: Principles of animal ecology. W. B. Saunders, 1949, 837 pp.
- [43](43) Stewart, J. Q. : Empirical mathematical rules con- cerning the distribution and equilibrium of popu- lation. Geographical Review 37: 461-485 (1947).
- [46](46) Parsons, T., and Shils, E. A. (Eds.): Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, Mass., Har- vard University Press, 1952, 506 pp.
- [48](48) Parsons, T.: The social system. Glencoe, 111., The Free Press, 1951, 575 pp.
- [49](49) Crawford, M. P.: The social psychology of the vertebrates. Psychological Bulletin 36: 407-446 (1939).
- [54](54) Rosvold, H. E., and Walker, A. M.: Effect of electroconvulsive shocks on nest building in the male albino rat. Proc. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 72: 270—272 (1949).
- [57](57) Rosvold, H. E., Kaplan, S. J., and Stevenson, J. A.: Effect of electroconvulsive shock on adrenal cortex of the rat. Proc. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 80: 60-62 (1952).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,001
Enhanced defense in adult rats deprived of playfighting experience as juveniles
Einon, D. F., & Potegal, M. (1991) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:1 · Cited by 43
Conditioned partner preference in female rats for strain of male
Coria‐Ávila, G. A., JONES, S., Solomon, C. E., GAVRILA, A., Jordan, G., & Pfaus, J. G. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.001 · Cited by 68
Lloyd, J. A., & Christian, J. J. (1969) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1378629 · Cited by 68
Horizontal biases in rats’ use of three-dimensional space
Jovalekic, A., Hayman, R. M. A., Bécares, N., Reid, H., Thomas, G. E. C., Wilson, J. J., & Jeffery, K. J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.035 · Cited by 64
“Even rats, hich aremostly surface-travelling, live in branching subterranean D burrow systems [3] and may need to encode, store and retrieve patial representations that include vertical information.”
Laland, K. N., & Plotkin, H. C. (1993) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03197974 · Cited by 67
Space and the Strategy of Life
Calhoun, J. B. (1971) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1893-4_25 · Cited by 67
Self-citationGarten, C. T. (1976) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00881.x · Cited by 67
Enzyme polymorphism in feral, outbred and inbred rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Eriksson, K., Halkka, O., Lokki, J., et al. (1976) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.1976.98 · Cited by 67
Responses of adult and immature rats to sex odors.
Carr, W. J., Wylie, N. R., & Loeb, L. S. (1970) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029326 · Cited by 67
Muñoz‐Zanzi, C., Mason, M., Encina, C., Gonzalez, M., & Berg, S. S. (2014) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0334 · Cited by 66
“captures predicted for what was defined as the summer sampling season (January to April) are concurrent with documented increases in breeding and population size during this time.(31) Generally, breeding rates and population size begin to decline with decreasing temperature (March and April in the current study) after…”
BackgroundSex-specific social regulation of inflammatory responses and sickness behaviors
Yee, J. R., & Prendergast, B. J. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.03.006 · Cited by 67
“Rats in nature typically live in large groups in which exposure to the opposite sex is available (Barnett, 1955; Calhoun, 1961; Calhoun, 1963; Lore and Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Thermoregulation
Leon, M. (1986) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2113-2_8 · Cited by 66
Social stress models in rodents: Towards enhanced validity
Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B., & Meerlo, P. (2016) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.003 · Cited by 68
“The first studies of chronic social stress in rats were performed by Calhoun, mainly from the perspective of population ecology (J. B. Calhoun, 1963; J. B. Calhoun, 1962).”
Predation by Norway rats in the intertidal zone of central Chile
Navarrete, S. A., & Castilla, J. (1993) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps092187 · Cited by 65
Olfactory discrimination of social status in the brown lemming
Huck, U. W., Banks, E. M., & Wang, S.-C. (1981) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(81)92123-3 · Cited by 65
Postweaning social experience and adult aggression in rats
Lore, R. K., & Stipo-Flaherty, A. (1984) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90373-1 · Cited by 64
Playful defensive responses in adult male rats depend on the status of the unfamiliar opponent
Smith, L. K., Fantella, S.-L. N., & Pellis, S. M. (1999) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:2 · Cited by 67
Neural and hormonal control of food hoarding
Bartness, T. J., Keen‐Rhinehart, E., Dailey, M. J., & Teubner, B. J. W. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00137.2011 · Cited by 64
Intermale and maternal aggression in adult rats tested at different ages
Takahashi, L. K., & Lore, R. (1982) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90292-x · Cited by 64
Are grid cells used for navigation? On local metrics, subjective spaces, and black holes
Ginosar, G., Aljadeff, J., Las, L., Derdikman, D., & Ulanovsky, N. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.027 · Cited by 60
Francis, D. D., & Kuhar, M. J. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.04.012 · Cited by 70
“But, it has been noted that these are not “normal” animals such as those in the wild, because dams usually leave the nest for foraging for periods of around 20 min (Calhoun, 1963).”
BackgroundUrban population genetics of slum‐dwelling rats ( R attus norvegicus) in S alvador, B razil
Kajdacsi, B., Costa, F., Hyseni, C., Porter, F., Brown, J. E. H., Rodrigues, G., Farias, H., dos Reis, M. G., Childs, J. E., Ko, A. I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.12455 · Cited by 61
“…Matocq et al. 2000), we initially hypothesized that the genetic differentiation observed between these sites could be partly due to the social behaviour and ecology of this species, as related extended families of Norway rats tend to inhabit burrow systems proximal to one another (Calhoun 1962).”
BackgroundInfluentialFood-pellet size modifies the hoarding behavior of foraging rats
Whishaw, I. Q., & Tomie, J.-A. (1989) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03337821 · Cited by 62
Bidirectional metabolic regulation of neurocognitive function
Stranahan, A. M., & Mattson, M. P. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.01.004 · Cited by 62
Social factors in immigration and emigration
Brandt, C. A. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2338-9_5 · Cited by 62
Resident rats’ aggression toward intruders
Brain, P. F., Benton, D., Howell, P. A., & Jones, S. E. (1980) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03199613 · Cited by 62
Maintenance of Rat Head Direction Cell Firing During Locomotion in the Vertical Plane
Stackman, R. W., Tullman, M. L., & Taube, J. S. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.393 · Cited by 61
Blackshaw, J. K., Swain, A. J., BLACKSHAW, A. W., Thomas, F. J., & Gillies, K. J. (1997) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(97)00034-8 · Cited by 61
“Social play The term ‘play fight’ or mock combat (Calhoun, 1962; Blurton-Jones, 1976; Worsaae and Schmidt, 1980) was not used in these early developmental stages as the categories Worsaae and Schmidt (1980) used were devised for piglets weaned at 3 and 8 weeks of age and did not reflect the behaviour of the much young…”
BackgroundMethodA review of commensal rodents and their control
Brooks, J. E., & Jackson, W. B. (1973) · C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control · doi:10.1080/10643387309381607 · Cited by 61
Genetic mechanisms controlling the domestication of a wild house mouse population (Mus musculus L.).
Connor, J. L. (1975) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076656 · Cited by 61
Lu, D., Wang, T., Rudge, J. W., et al. (2009) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118200999103x · Cited by 60
“(Calhoun, 1962; Meehan, 1984), using the formula: contamination index=thenumber of discharged eggs per host per dayrthe number of the total host individualsrinfection prevalence (Wang et al.”
MethodMiller, C. K., Halbing, A. A., Patisaul, H. B., & Meitzen, J. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113203 · Cited by 61
“Furthermore, an increase of locomotion in females during times of sexual receptivity may represent antecedent solicitation behaviors induced by ovarian hormones such as pacing or darting, although these behaviors typically occur in the presence of a male [55-57].”
BackgroundWiedenmayer, C. P. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.09.005 · Cited by 60
Puckett, E. E., Orton, D., & Munshi‐South, J. (2020) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201900160 · Cited by 60
Sex differences in social modulation of learning in rats
Mikosz, M., Nowak, A., Werka, T., & Knapska, E. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18114 · Cited by 58
Use of foraging trails by Norway rats
GALEF, B. G., & Buckley, L. (1996) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0081 · Cited by 59
“When moving between foraging and harborage sites, Norway rats tend to follow trails made by others of their colony (Calhoun 1962; Telle 1966).”
Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group
Salmivalli, C., LAGERSPETZ, K. M. J., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1998) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1996)22:1 · Cited by 2,023
Oglesby, J. M., Lanier, D. L., & Dewsbury, D. A. (1981) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00302843 · Cited by 57
“It is known that females of some species of rodents copulate with more than one male both in the field and in seminatural environments (Birdsall and Nash 1973; Barnett 1958; Calhoun 1962; Telle 1966).”
BackgroundThermoregulatory behaviors of laboratory rodents.
Roberts, W. W., MOONEY, R. D., & Martin, J. R. (1974) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036138 · Cited by 57
Development of the circadian rhythm of body temperature in rats
Kittrell, E. M. W., & Satinoff, E. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90138-1 · Cited by 57
Sex, kinship, and the evolution of social manipulation
Western, J. D., & Strum, S. C. (1983) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(83)90004-3 · Cited by 57
Sex differences in corticotropin releasing factor-evoked behavior and activated networks
Wiersielis, K., Wicks, B., Simko, H., Cohen, S. R., Khantsis, S., Baksh, N., Waxler, D. E., & Bangasser, D. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.007 · Cited by 56
Do female Norway rats form social bonds?
Schweinfurth, M. K., Neuenschwander, J., Engqvist, L., Schneeberger, K., Rentsch, A. K., Gygax, M., & Michael Taborsky, A. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-017-2324-2 · Cited by 54
Francis, R. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/265236a0 · Cited by 56
Infant temperament predicts life span in female rats that develop spontaneous tumors
Cavigelli, S. A., Yee, J. R., & McClintock, M. K. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.001 · Cited by 55
Stryjek, R., Modlińska, K., & Pisula, W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040642 · Cited by 55
Ape behavior in two alternating environments: comparing exhibit and short‐term holding areas
Ross, S. R., Wagner, K. E., Schapiro, S. J., & Hau, J. (2010) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20857 · Cited by 56
“The increase in agonism shown by chimpanzees is consistent with the density-aggression model [Calhoun, 1962], in which increased social density resulted in increased aggression, as demonstrated in rodents [Gregor et al., 1972; Van Loo et al., 2001] and some old world monkeys [Alexander & Roth,…”
ResultCrowding: Determinants and Effects
Stockdale, J. E. (1978) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60008-8 · Cited by 55
Relation between 22-kHz ultrasonic signals and sociosexual behavior in rats.
Anisko, J. J., Suer, S. F., McClintock, M. K., & Adler, N. T. (1978) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077534 · Cited by 54
Excessive water intake in captive Norway rats with scar-markings
Boice, R. (1971) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(71)90139-9 · Cited by 55
A Good Life for Laboratory Rodents?
Makowska, I. J., & Weary, D. M. (2019) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilaa001 · Cited by 54
Niche-related learning in laboratory paradigms: the case of maze behavior in Norway rats
Timberlake, W. D. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00048-7 · Cited by 55
Intrinsic excitability varies by sex in prepubertal striatal medium spiny neurons
Dorris, D. M., Cao, J., Willett, J. A., Hauser, C. A., & Meitzen, J. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00687.2014 · Cited by 52
Do Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) synchronize their estrous cycles?
Schank, J. C. (2001) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00395-4 · Cited by 54
“This is of ecological significance because the estrous cycles of wild Norway rats are likely longer and more irregular than domestic strains [2,15], suggesting that the maximum degree of synchrony in wild populations is even more constrained than in domestic.”
BackgroundFemale rats prefer an area vacated by a high testosterone male
Taylor, G. T., Haller, J., & Regan, D. (1982) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90159-7 · Cited by 53
Ontogeny of defensive reactions in Norway rats.
Bronstein, P. M., & Hirsch, S. M. (1976) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077224 · Cited by 55
The young as a source of stimuli controlling caretaker behavior.
Harper, L. V. (1971) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030335 · Cited by 53
Rats Benefit from Winner and Loser Effects
Lehner, S. R., Rutte, C., & Michael Taborsky, A. (2011) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01962.x · Cited by 53
Weathington, J. M., Hamki, A., & Cooke, B. M. (2013) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23475 · Cited by 53
“…wild, most female rats will normally have carried at least one litter through gestation to weaning by the time they are P98, and most male rats will have participated in the acts usually necessary to achieve reproductive success, including male–male aggression and sexual behavior (Calhoun, 1962).”
BackgroundOntogeny of Defensive Behavior and Analgesia in Rat Pups Exposed to an Adult Male Rat
Wiedenmayer, C. P., & Barr, G. A. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00439-3 · Cited by 53
The sensory basis of avoidance responding in the rat
Jacobs, W. J., & LoLordo, V. M. (1977) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(77)90045-5 · Cited by 53
Bhatnagar, S., Shanks, N. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199603)29:2 · Cited by 23
Effects of gonadal hormones on pacing of sexual contacts by female rats
Gilman, D. P., & Hitt, J. C. (1978) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(78)92926-7 · Cited by 53
Hathaway, S. C., & Blackmore, D. K. (1981) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400069679 · Cited by 52
“Such contact, both sexual and non-sexual, is maximal in crowded environments (Calhoun, 1962).”
BackgroundBehavioural resistance towards poison baits in brown rats, Rattus norvegicus
Brunton, C. F. A., Macdonald, D. W., & Buckle, A. P. (1993) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90063-u · Cited by 52
“Rats on farms may be organised spatially into social groups or clans (Calhoun, 1963; Fenn and Macdonald, 1987), but the large number of bait trays and their wide deployment rule out the possibility that any such resident clan had no access to the poison.”
BackgroundMayer, A. D., & Rosenblatt, J. S. (1975) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077045 · Cited by 52
Blaustein, J. D. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1286.023 · Cited by 51
Alberts, J. R., & Cramer, C. P. (1988) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_1 · Cited by 54
Hormonal control of odor preferences and urine-marking in male and female rats☆
BROWN, R. (1978) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(78)90197-x · Cited by 51
Stress in groups: Lessons from non-traditional rodent species and housing models
Beery, A. K., Holmes, M. M., Lee, W., & Curley, J. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.033 · Cited by 55
“Within social groups, rats sleep together in burrows in mixed-sex groups of usually up to 15 animals (Berdoy and Drickamer, 2007; Calhoun, 1963; Lore and Flannelly, 1977), but may live in large groups of up to 100 comprised of several conjoined burrow systems (Lore and Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundTakahashi, L. K. (1986) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(86)90039-2 · Cited by 50
Balestrieri, A., Remonti, L., Saino, N., & Raubenheimer, D. (2019) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12164 · Cited by 48
Chu, X., & Ågmo, A. (2014) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003177 · Cited by 49
Yu, J. Y., Kay, K., Liu, D. F., Grossrubatscher, I., Loback, A., Sosa, M., Chung, J. E., Karlsson, M. P., Larkin, M. C., & Frank, L. M. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.27621 · Cited by 48
Brunelli, S. A., Masmela, J. R., Shair, H. N., et al. (1998) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.112.4.331 · Cited by 49
Gambill, J. D., & Kornetsky, C. H. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00426835 · Cited by 49
REM sleep inhibition by light in the albino rat
Fishman, R., & Roffwarg, H. P. (1972) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(72)90144-6 · Cited by 49
The Defensive Strategies of Foraging Rats: A Review and Synthesis
Whishaw, I. Q., Gorny, B. P., & Dringenberg, H. C. (1991) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395105 · Cited by 49
Behavioral Limitation of Round-Tailed Ground Squirrel Density
Dunford, C. (1977) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1935079 · Cited by 49
The impact of postnatal environment on opioid peptides in young and adult male Wistar rats
Gustafsson, L., Oreland, S., Hoffmann, P., & Nylander, I. (2007) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2007.10.006 · Cited by 48
Oreland, S., Gustafsson-Ericson, L., & Nylander, I. (2010) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2010.06.001 · Cited by 48
“…condition have been suggested to be unnatural for rodents in the sense that the mother are constantly present and the pups are reared in an under-stimulated environment compared to wild-life rats that experience regular shorter separations from the dam (Calhoun, 1962; Fleming and Rosenblatt, 1974).”
Circadian Rhythm of Outside-Nest Activity in Wild (WWCPS), Albino and Pigmented Laboratory Rats
Stryjek, R., Modlińska, K., Turlejski, K., & Pisula, W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066055 · Cited by 48
Risk of Urban Lyme Disease Enhanced by the Presence of Rats
Matuschka, F.-R., Endepols, S., Richter, D., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/174.5.1108 · Cited by 48
Warfarin resistance: a balanced polymorphism in the Norway rat
Greaves, J. H., Redfern, R., Ayres, P. B., et al. (1977) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1017/s0016672300017663 · Cited by 48
Empathic learning of a passive-avoidance response in domesticated Rattus norvegicus
Lore, R., Blanc, A., & Suedfeld, P. (1971) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(71)80143-4 · Cited by 48
How to Navigate without Maps: The Power of Taxon-like Navigation in Ants
Cheng, K. (2012) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2012.70001 · Cited by 46
“follow well worn tracks (Calhoun, 1963), or honeybees might follow the shore of a lake (von Frisch & Lindauer, 1954).”
BackgroundInfluentialIntegrating niche-related and general process approaches in the study of learning
Timberlake, W. (2001) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00151-6 · Cited by 47
“Observations like those of Calhoun (1962) made clear the importance of pathways in the everyday life of a free-roaming rat, and the historical persistence of maze studies argues we are dealing with an apparatus particularly suited to rats.”
BackgroundPhysiological mechanisms for food-hoarding motivation in animals
Keen‐Rhinehart, E., Dailey, M. J., & Bartness, T. J. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0225 · Cited by 47
Agouti-related protein increases food hoarding more than food intake in Siberian hamsters
Day, D. E., & Bartness, T. J. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00284.2003 · Cited by 47
Habitat selection and burrow construction by wild Rattus norvegicus in a landfill.
Lore, R., & Flannelly, K. J. (1978) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077535 · Cited by 47
Conditioned defensive burying in rodents: Organismic variables
Treit, D., Terlecki, L. J., & Pinel, J. P. J. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329596 · Cited by 46
Choice behavior of rats searching for food
Olton, D. S., Walker, J. A., Gage, F. H., et al. (1977) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(77)90055-8 · Cited by 47
The temporal pattern of feeding over the oestrous cycle of the mouse.
Petersen, S. (1976) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(76)80023-1 · Cited by 44
Social dominance in wild and domestic Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Boreman, J., & Price, E. O. (1972) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(72)80018-6 · Cited by 46
Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles
Yang, Z., & Schank, J. C. (2006) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-006-1005-z · Cited by 44
Makowska, I. J., & Weary, D. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147595 · Cited by 45
“The confound between housing treatment and group size was intentional; we considered a larger group size to be an essential component of the semi-naturalistic environment [2,54].”
BackgroundMaier, T., & DeGraaf, R. M. (2001) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0180:didbsp]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 45
“Additionally, Peromyscus mice will often nibble objects as they gather olfactory cues (King 1968), and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) invariably attempt to grasp potential food items directly with their teeth (Calhoun 1963).”
BackgroundThermal limitation of mother–young contact in norway rats
Leon, M., Adels, L. E., & Coopersmith, R. (1985) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420180202 · Cited by 45
The Behavioral Control of Reproductive Physiology
Adler, N. T. (1974) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3069-1_12 · Cited by 45
Maternal care associates with play dominance rank among adult female rats
Parent, C. I., Corpo, A. D., Cameron, N. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21070 · Cited by 45
“In the context of limited resource availability, female dominance among female rats may be important to compete for limited resources and to access food sources for offspring (Calhoun, 1962; Watts, Tanner, Lundrigan, & Holekamp, 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Calhoun, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, John B.
- Published
- 1963
- OpenAlex
- W2499413085
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Keywords
- Rattus norvegicus, rodent ecology, social behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
