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The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat
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Bibliography: p. 285-288
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In the citing paper
“In the wild, as juvenile rats age, they would not only have access to their littermates, but also peers from nearby litters, and therefore many potential partners of both sexes (Calhoun 1963; Schweinfurth 2020). Thus, in natural settings, rats would have choice with whom to play, a choice that laboratory rats tested in pairs are not afforded.”
From Partner Choice and Context‐Dependent Sex Differences in Rat Rough‐and‐Tumble Play (2026) · cites this paper as Calhoun 1963
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For example, data from naturalistic settings suggests that low food availability promote antagonistic in-group interactions between rodents-the advantages of dominant position become more pronounced under limited resources conditions.24,25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Within those groups, rats rarely fight with each other (but often attack intruders) and often sleep together in common burrows.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Some rats transfer from one collective to another.These individuals, however, are usually subordinates.25 They do not play an active reproductive role, and often are unsuccessful in maintaining body weight (see Section 4).”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Those are: longer residence on a given territory than a rival, being older and heavier, history of winning previous fights and lack of stressful, traumatizing events.25,50,76,92,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In naturalistic conditions, wild rats display robust social dominance, which was described in detail by Calhoun.25,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that omegas are the animals which do not accept their social position and might be the most probable to either change it or leave the colony.25,50”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This is reflected mainly by fighting for food.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Such fights are most intensive when clear hierarchy is not yet established.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In stable groups, even though overt aggression is largely reduced, animals can treat each other differently depending on their social position.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Although dominance between females is typically much less pronounced and they display fewer fights and injuries than males, they probably form dominance ranks as well.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Secondly, literature suggests that dominance hierarchies are generally less pronounced among domesticated rats than in the wild.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Keeping this in mind, social stressors play major role in the regulation of wild rats population: omegas have the lowest chance of survival despite access to food 25,50 and housing.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.003 · Cited by 143
A Learning-Based Model of Territory Establishment
Stamps, J. A., & Krishnan, V. V. (1999) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/393163 · Cited by 139
Gardner-Santana, L. C., Norris, D. E., Fornadel, C. M., Hinson, E. R., Klein, S. L., & Glass, G. E. (2009) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04232.x · Cited by 141
“Rather, the complex social system of Norway 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd rats influences individual movement via intraspecific aggression between dominant and subordinate males (Davis 1951a, b), and may result in negative density-dependent effects (Calhoun 1962; Krebs et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBurn, C. C. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.02.007 · Cited by 145
“Rats tend to be most active at dusk and dawn, although their circadian rhythms are relatively flexible (e.g. Calhoun, 1963).”
BackgroundInfluentialEcological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice
Kondrakiewicz, K., Kostecki, M., Szadzińska, W., & Knapska, E. (2019) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12525 · Cited by 136
Kuroda, K. O., Tachikawa, K., Yoshida, S., Tsuneoka, Y., & Numan, M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.008 · Cited by 139
“Spontaneous infanticide of non-biological offspring by males is not caused by starvation or high-stress conditions (vom Saal and Howard, 1982), and has often been regarded as abnormal or pathological (e.g. Calhoun, 1963).”
BackgroundThe development of maternal responsiveness in the rat.
Rosenblatt, J. S. (1969) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1969.tb00619.x · Cited by 136
Rats About Town: A Systematic Review of Rat Movement in Urban Ecosystems
Byers, K. A., Lee, M. J., Patrick, D. M., & Himsworth, C. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00013 · Cited by 131
“For rats, dispersal has been primarily associated with resource availability and competition, dominance hierarchies, and mating behavior (Calhoun, 1963; Glass et al., 1989).”
InfluentialTraweger, D., Travnitzky, R., Moser, C., Walzer, C., & Bernatzky, G. (2006) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-006-0123-z · Cited by 131
Poole, T. B., & Morgan, H. D. R. (1976) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1976)2:3 · Cited by 2
Pfaus, J. G. (1996) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1996.0024 · Cited by 130
Emotional contagion and prosocial behavior in rodents
Keysers, C., Knapska, E., Moita, M. A. P., & Gazzola, V. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.005 · Cited by 130
“In contrast, wild male mice usually occupy a territory they share only with females and actively defend [169,170].”
Maternal Behavior: Sensory, Hormonal, and Neural Determinants
Stern, J. M. (1989) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-137952-0.50008-2 · Cited by 133
Copulation behaviour in mammals: evidence that sperm competition is widespread
Møller, A. P., & Birkhead, T. R. (1989) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01569.x · Cited by 128
Some Behavioral Tests of Domestication in Norway Rats
Boice, R. (1972) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853972x00275 · Cited by 128
Sex-dependent effects of amygdaloid lesions on the social play of prepubertal rats.
Meaney, M. J., Dodge, A. M., & Beatty, W. W. (1981) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90175-x · Cited by 126
The ontogeny of exploratory behavior in male and female adolescent rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Lynn, D. A., & Brown, G. R. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20386 · Cited by 127
“Keywords: adolescence; exploration; novelty; rats; sex differences”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Calhoun, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, John B.
- Published
- 1963
- OpenAlex
- W2499413085
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Keywords
- Rattus norvegicus, rodent ecology, social behavior
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