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The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat
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Bibliography: p. 285-288
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In the citing paper
“In the wild, as juvenile rats age, they would not only have access to their littermates, but also peers from nearby litters, and therefore many potential partners of both sexes (Calhoun 1963; Schweinfurth 2020). Thus, in natural settings, rats would have choice with whom to play, a choice that laboratory rats tested in pairs are not afforded.”
From Partner Choice and Context‐Dependent Sex Differences in Rat Rough‐and‐Tumble Play (2026) · cites this paper as Calhoun 1963
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For example, data from naturalistic settings suggests that low food availability promote antagonistic in-group interactions between rodents-the advantages of dominant position become more pronounced under limited resources conditions.24,25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Within those groups, rats rarely fight with each other (but often attack intruders) and often sleep together in common burrows.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Some rats transfer from one collective to another.These individuals, however, are usually subordinates.25 They do not play an active reproductive role, and often are unsuccessful in maintaining body weight (see Section 4).”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Those are: longer residence on a given territory than a rival, being older and heavier, history of winning previous fights and lack of stressful, traumatizing events.25,50,76,92,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In naturalistic conditions, wild rats display robust social dominance, which was described in detail by Calhoun.25,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that omegas are the animals which do not accept their social position and might be the most probable to either change it or leave the colony.25,50”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This is reflected mainly by fighting for food.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Such fights are most intensive when clear hierarchy is not yet established.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In stable groups, even though overt aggression is largely reduced, animals can treat each other differently depending on their social position.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Although dominance between females is typically much less pronounced and they display fewer fights and injuries than males, they probably form dominance ranks as well.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Secondly, literature suggests that dominance hierarchies are generally less pronounced among domesticated rats than in the wild.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Keeping this in mind, social stressors play major role in the regulation of wild rats population: omegas have the lowest chance of survival despite access to food 25,50 and housing.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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Development of dominance in domestic rats in laboratory and seminatural environments
Adams, N., & Boice, R. (1989) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(89)90036-3 · Cited by 72
Inter-litter competition and communal nursing among Norway rats: advantages of birth synchrony
Mennella, J. A., BLUMBERG, M. S., McClintock, M. K., & Moltz, H. (1990) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00180302 · Cited by 72
“First, a given female could build her nest far from females nursing 15- to 28-day-old pups (see also Brown 1986; Calhoun 1962).”
InfluentialPlasticity of defensive behavior and fear in early development
Wiedenmayer, C. P. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.004 · Cited by 73
“After weaning, young rats leave their natal nest and burrow and expand their home range (Calhoun, 1963), which makes them more vulnerable to predation.”
BackgroundA Two-Year Ecological Study of Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a Brazilian Urban Slum
Panti–May, J. A., Carvalho‐Pereira, T. S. A., Serrano, S., Pedra, G., Taylor, J. E., Pertile, A. C., Minter, A., Querino, V. A., Carvalho, M., Júnior, N. N., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152511 · Cited by 70
The importance of burrowing, climbing and standing upright for laboratory rats
Makowska, I. J., & Weary, D. M. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160136 · Cited by 71
“In the wild, rats construct and live inside burrows that they expand and modify frequently [15,16].”
BackgroundNuman, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190848675.001.0001 · Cited by 106
Li, X., & Becker, J. B. (1997) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1412 · Cited by 70
On the significance of similarities between ultrasonic vocalizations of infant and adult rats
BLUMBERG, M. S., & Alberts, J. R. (1991) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80031-4 · Cited by 70
Social dominance and individual aggressiveness
Blanchard, R. J., Hori, K., Tom, P., & Blanchard, D. C. (1988) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:3 · Cited by 71
Conditioned defensive burying in rats: Availability of burying materials
Pinel, J. P. J., & Treit, D. (1979) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209691 · Cited by 70
Desvars-Larrive, A., Pascal, M., Gasqui, P., Cosson, J., Benoît, E., Lattard, V., Crespin, L., Lorvelec, O., Pisanu, B., Teynié, A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184015 · Cited by 68
Aggression in the lactating rat: Effects of intruder age and test arena
Erskine, M. S., Denenberg, V. H., & Goldman, B. D. (1978) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(78)91148-3 · Cited by 69
Chemical Communication in Mother–Young Interactions
Leon, M. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-710780-6.50008-x · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Calhoun, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, John B.
- Published
- 1963
- OpenAlex
- W2499413085
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Keywords
- Rattus norvegicus, rodent ecology, social behavior
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