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The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat
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“In the wild, as juvenile rats age, they would not only have access to their littermates, but also peers from nearby litters, and therefore many potential partners of both sexes (Calhoun 1963; Schweinfurth 2020). Thus, in natural settings, rats would have choice with whom to play, a choice that laboratory rats tested in pairs are not afforded.”
From Partner Choice and Context‐Dependent Sex Differences in Rat Rough‐and‐Tumble Play (2026) · cites this paper as Calhoun 1963
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For example, data from naturalistic settings suggests that low food availability promote antagonistic in-group interactions between rodents-the advantages of dominant position become more pronounced under limited resources conditions.24,25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Within those groups, rats rarely fight with each other (but often attack intruders) and often sleep together in common burrows.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Some rats transfer from one collective to another.These individuals, however, are usually subordinates.25 They do not play an active reproductive role, and often are unsuccessful in maintaining body weight (see Section 4).”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Those are: longer residence on a given territory than a rival, being older and heavier, history of winning previous fights and lack of stressful, traumatizing events.25,50,76,92,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In naturalistic conditions, wild rats display robust social dominance, which was described in detail by Calhoun.25,104”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that omegas are the animals which do not accept their social position and might be the most probable to either change it or leave the colony.25,50”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“This is reflected mainly by fighting for food.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Such fights are most intensive when clear hierarchy is not yet established.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In stable groups, even though overt aggression is largely reduced, animals can treat each other differently depending on their social position.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Although dominance between females is typically much less pronounced and they display fewer fights and injuries than males, they probably form dominance ranks as well.25”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Secondly, literature suggests that dominance hierarchies are generally less pronounced among domesticated rats than in the wild.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Keeping this in mind, social stressors play major role in the regulation of wild rats population: omegas have the lowest chance of survival despite access to food 25,50 and housing.”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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Copulation increases offensive attack in male rats
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Sexual preferences of male rats.
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“Are rats and mice social creatures? What kind of behaviors can we expect to observe in rodents? Finally, are rodents sufficiently social to justify their use as subjects under investigation in research which focuses on topics such as kin selection? First, it has been well established that wild rats, such as the Norway…”
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Self-citationConditioned defensive burying in rats free to escape
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“The reasoning behind a three hour separation paradigm is based on a observation that subordinate mothers build their nests far from food and water, resulting in the mother being separated from her pups for some time, even for as long as 2–3 h (Calhoun, 1963).”
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“In seminaturalistic conditions, sub-ordinate mothers are often forced to build their nests far from nutritional sources, and this environmental challenge has been reported to lead to periods of separation for 2–3 h (Calhoun, 1962; Meaney, 2001).”
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“Too often, investigators appear totally unaware of the plethora of information available about the behavior and natural history of wild mice and rats (Calhoun, 1962; Berry and Bronson, 1992; Singleton and Krebs, 2007; Calisi and Bentley, 2009; Chu and Asmo, 2015; Mustafar et al., 2018).”
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“Since it fails to give the rats an opportunity to escape, and since escape is a fundamental part of sexual interactions among wild rats observed in their natural habitat (Calhoun, 1962; Robitaille and Bouvet, 1976), the small cage lacks external validity in the brunswikian sense.”
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The developmental emergence of coupled activity as cooperative aggregation in rat pups
Schank, J. C., & Alberts, J. R. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1284 · Cited by 33
Schultz, L. A., & Lore, R. (1993) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.107.2.216 · Cited by 33
Differential blockade of CRF-evoked behaviors by depletion of norepinephrine and serotonin in rats
Howard, O., Carr, G. V., Hill, T. E., Valentino, R. J., & Lucki, I. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1179-7 · Cited by 32
“Rodent burying behavior has long been described as a defensive coping strategy in natural habitats (Calhoun 1962; MacClintock 1970; Owings and Coss 1977).”
BackgroundHeiberg, A., Sluydts, V., & Leirs, H. (2012) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr11149 · Cited by 33
“From studies on dispersal of surface rats, it has been seen that rats typically remain close to their birthplace (Calhoun 1962) and that males are more prone to disperse than females.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInteractions between nocturnal feeding and wheel running patterns in the rat
Stewart, K. T., Rosenwasser, A. M., & Adler, N. T. (1985) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(85)90055-1 · Cited by 33
Object-directed urine-marking by male rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Brown, R. E. (1975) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91683-1 · Cited by 33
Behavioral differences between two populations of wild rats: Implications for domestication research
Mitchell, D., Beatty, E. T., & Cox, P. K. (1977) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(77)91494-8 · Cited by 33
Synergistic Benefits of Group Search in Rats
Nagy, M., Horicsányi, A., Kubinyi, E., Couzin, I. D., Vásárhelyi, G., Flack, A., & Vicsek, T. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.079 · Cited by 33
A Biorobotic Investigation of Norway Rat Pups (Rattus norvegicus) in an Arena
Schank, J. C., May, C. J., Tran, J. T., & Joshi, S. S. (2004) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971230401200303 · Cited by 32
Behavioural characteristics of sleep in rats under different light/dark conditions
Betteray, J. N. F. V., Vossen, J. M. H., & Coenen, A. M. L. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90501-e · Cited by 32
Stevenson, C. W., Halliday, D. M., Marsden, C. A., & Mason, R. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.013 · Cited by 33
Reproductive success of bromadiolone‐resistant rats in absence of anticoagulant pressure
Heiberg, A., Leirs, H., & SIEGISMUND, H. R. (2006) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.1249 · Cited by 32
Wong, J. E., Cao, J., Dorris, D. M., & Meitzen, J. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1158-9 · Cited by 32
“…striatum, comprising the caudate-putamen (also called dorsal stria- tum), nucleus accumbens core, and nucleus accumbens shell (ventral striatum) (Calhoun 1962; Zimmerberg et al. 1974; Glick and Ross 1981; Castellano et al. 1987, 1989; McDermott et al. 1994; Eckel et al. 2000; Scholz et…”
BackgroundIsolation accelerates reproductive senescence and alters its predictors in female rats
LeFevre, J., & McClintock, M. K. (1991) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0018-506x(91)90055-m · Cited by 32
Mesial prefrontal cortical lesions and timidity in rats. III. behavior in a semi-natural environment
Holson, R. R. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90226-x · Cited by 32
McClintock, M. K., Toner, J. P., Adler, N. T., et al. (1982) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077872 · Cited by 32
Kinship and the Development of Social Preferences
Holmes, W. G. (1988) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_11 · Cited by 32
Shock intensity and conditioned defensive burying in rats
Treit, D., Pinel, J. P. J., & Terlecki, L. J. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337078 · Cited by 32
Cost-benefits of computer modelling
Panksepp, J. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00061264 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Calhoun, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Calhoun, John B.
- Published
- 1963
- OpenAlex
- W2499413085
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Keywords
- Rattus norvegicus, rodent ecology, social behavior
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