Status report on the second round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process
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The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.
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Classic McEliece was a third-round finalist.
“Classic McEliece was a third-round fi nalist, and the other three algorithms were alternates [13].”
From Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
BIKE, HQC, and SIKE were third-round alternate candidates.
“Classic McEliece was a third-round fi nalist, and the other three algorithms were alternates [13].”
From Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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A Comprehensive Survey on Post-Quantum TLS
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An Experimental Study of Building Blocks of Lattice-Based NIST Post-Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms
Imran, M., Abideen, Z. U., & Pagliarini, S. (2020) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics9111953 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
TPM-Based Post-Quantum Cryptography
Paul, S., Schick, F., & Seedorf, J. (2021) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1145/3465481.3465747 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fiddling the Twiddle Constants - Fault Injection Analysis of the Number Theoretic Transform
Ravi, P., Yang, B., Bhasin, S., Zhang, F., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2023) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2023.i2.447-481 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A trust based adaptive privacy preserving authentication scheme for VANETs
Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., & He, R. (2022) · Vehicular Communications · doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100516 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationBarker, W., Polk, W. T., & Souppaya, M. (2021) · doi:10.6028/nist.cswp.04282021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stronger Security and Generic Constructions for Adaptor Signatures
Dai, W., Okamoto, T., & Yamamoto, G. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22912-1_3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration in Vehicles
Lohmiller, N., Kaniewski, S., Menth, M., & Heer, T. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3528562 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
D’Anvers, J.-P., Beirendonck, M. V., & Verbauwhede, I. M. R. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3197074 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Xu, D., Wang, X., Hao, Y., Zhang, Z., Hao, Q., & Zhou, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems · doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2022.3174205 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Barker, W., Polk, W., & Souppaya, M. (2021) · doi:10.6028/nist.cswp.15 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Improved Homomorphically Encrypted Biometric Identification Using Coefficient Packing
Bauspieß, P., Olafsson, J., Kolberg, J., Drozdowski, P., Rathgeb, C., & Busch, C. (2022) · International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF) · doi:10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794523 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Survey on NIST Selected Third Round Candidates for Post Quantum Cryptography
Hasija, T., Ramkumar, K. R., Kaur, A., Mittal, S. K., & Singh, K. K. (2022) · International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES) · doi:10.1109/icces54183.2022.9835864 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
High-order Table-based Conversion Algorithms and Masking Lattice-based Encryption
Coron, J.-S., Gérard, F., Montoya, S., & Zeitoun, R. (2022) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i2.1-40 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
PUF-Based Post-Quantum CAN-FD Framework for Vehicular Security
Cultice, T., & Thapliyal, H. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13080382 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Revisiting algebraic attacks on MinRank and on the rank decoding problem
Bardet, M., Briaud, P., Bros, M., Gaborit, P., & Tillich, J. (2023) · Designs Codes and Cryptography · doi:10.1007/s10623-023-01265-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
QPASE: Quantum-Resistant Password-Authenticated Searchable Encryption for Cloud Storage
Jiang, J., & Wang, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3372804 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Weak-Key Analysis for BIKE Post-Quantum Key Encapsulation Mechanism
Nosouhi, M. R., Shah, S. W. A., Pan, L., Zolotavkin, Y., Nanda, A., Gauravaram, P., & Doss, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3264153 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Manenti, R., & Motta, M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198787488.005.0002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rainbow Signature Scheme to Secure GOOSE Communications From Quantum Computer Attacks
Reshikeshan, S. S. M., Koh, M. B., & Illindala, M. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2021.3093375 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Area-Time Efficient Hardware Architecture for CRYSTALS-Kyber
Nguyen, T. T., Kim, S.-J., Eom, Y., & Lee, H. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12115305 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Optimizing BIKE for the Intel Haswell and ARM Cortex-M4
Chen, M.-S., Chou, T., & Krausz, M. (2021) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.97-124 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Practical Side-Channel Attack on Message Encoding in Masked Kyber
Wang, J., Cao, W., Chen, H., & Li, H. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) · doi:10.1109/trustcom56396.2022.00122 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dhanush, C. S., & Jain, K. (2023) · International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS) · doi:10.1109/icaiss58487.2023.10250627 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Practical Isogeny-Based Key-Exchange with Optimal Tightness
de Kock, B., Gjøsteen, K., & Veroni, M. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81652-0_18 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Post-Quantum Cryptography in Use: Empirical Analysis of the TLS Handshake Performance
Döring, R., & Geitz, M. (2022) · IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS) · doi:10.1109/noms54207.2022.9789913 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Discussion on a new paradigm of endogenous security towards 6G networks
Ji, X., Wu, J., Jin, L., Huang, K., Chen, Y., Sun, X., You, W., Huo, S., & Yang, J. (2022) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/fitee.2200060 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Performance Impact of PQC KEMs on TLS 1.3 Under Varying Network Characteristics
Henrich, J., Heinemann, A., Wiesmaier, A., & Schmitt, N. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49187-0_14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multi-Phase Quantum Resistant Framework for Secure Communication in SCADA Systems
Ghosh, S., Zaman, M., Joshi, R., & Sampalli, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2024.3378474 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lightweight ASIP Design for Lattice-Based Post-quantum Cryptography Algorithms
Akçay, L., & Örs, B. (2024) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-024-08976-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Analysis and Comparison of Table-based Arithmetic to Boolean Masking
Beirendonck, M. V., D’Anvers, J.-P., & Verbauwhede, I. M. R. (2021) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.275-297 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Verified NTT Multiplications for NISTPQC KEM Lattice Finalists: Kyber, SABER, and NTRU
Hwang, V., Liu, J., Seiler, G., Shi, X., Tsai, M.-H., Wang, B.-Y., & Yang, B. (2022) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i4.718-750 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design of Split-Radix Discrete Galois Transformation for KyberKEM
Li, G., Chen, D., Mao, G., Dai, W., Sanka, A. I., & Cheung, R. C. C. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing · doi:10.1109/tetc.2023.3270971 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Compact Full Hardware Implementation of PQC Algorithm NTRU
Qin, Z., Tong, R., Wu, X., Bai, G., Wu, L., & Su, L. (2021) · International Conference on Communications, Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE) · doi:10.1109/cisce52179.2021.9446042 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cid, M. I. G., Martín, L. O., & Ayuso, V. M. (2021) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1145/3465481.3470056 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Scabbard: a suite of efficient learning with rounding key-encapsulation mechanisms
Mera, J. M. B., Karmakar, A., Kundu, S., & Verbauwhede, I. M. R. (2021) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2021.i4.474-509 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Onuki, K., Cho, K., Horio, Y., & Miyano, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3140762 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Single-Trace Attack on NIST Round 3 Candidate Dilithium Using Machine Learning-Based Profiling
Han, J., Lee, T., Kwon, J., Lee, J., Kim, I.-J., Cho, J., Han, D., & Sim, B.-Y. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3135600 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
MR-DSS – Smaller MinRank-Based (Ring-)Signatures
Bellini, E., Esser, A., Sanna, C., & Verbel, J. A. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17234-2_8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Performance Measurements
Nagy, N., Alnemer, S., Alshuhail, L. M., Alobiad, H., Almulla, T., Alrumaihi, F. A., Ghadra, N., & Nagy, M. (2025) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci7030091 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quantum technology and human rights: an agenda for collaboration*
Krishnamurthy, V. (2022) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac81e7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Q-SECURE: A Quantum Resistant Security for Resource Constrained IoT Device Encryption
Ngouen, M., Rahman, M. A., Prabakar, N., Uluagac, A. S., & Njilla, L. (2023) · International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS) · doi:10.1109/iotsms59855.2023.10325770 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ren, X., Xu, M., Niyato, D. T., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Qiu, C., Yao, H., & Wang, X. (2024) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3520803 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Efficient Post-Quantum Cryptography Algorithms for Auto-Enrollment in Public Key Infrastructure
Al-Dabbagh, R., Alkhatib, M., & Albalawi, T. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14101980 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An Overview on Deployment Strategies for Global Quantum Key Distribution Networks
Wang, J., & Huberman, B. A. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/9927255 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Performance Evaluation of IPsec with Post-Quantum Cryptography
Bae, S., Chang, Y., Park, H., Kim, M., & Shin, Y. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29371-9_13 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Manenti, R., & Motta, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198787488.001.0001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Seamless Transition to Post-Quantum TLS 1.3: A Hybrid Approach Using Identity-Based Encryption
Astrizi, T. L., & Custódio, R. F. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24227300 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lattice-based ring signcryption for consortium blockchain
Yu, H., & Lv, Z. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101602 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Moody, D., Alagic, G., Apon, D. C., Cooper, D. A., Dang, Q. H., Kelsey, J. M., Liu, Y.-K., Miller, C. A., Peralta, R. C., Perlner, R. A., Robinson, A. Y., Smith-Tone, D. C., & Alperin-Sheriff, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Published
- 2020-07
- OpenAlex
- W4254706618
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 8
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Funders
- Information Technology Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- post-quantum cryptography, cryptographic standardization, quantum-resistant algorithms, public-key cryptography, digital signatures, key exchange
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