Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology
Open accessAbstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and tablets. Although the light emitted by most LEDs appears white, LEDs have peak emission in the blue light range (400-490 nm). The accumulating experimental evidence has indicated that exposure to blue light can affect many physiologic functions, and it can be used to treat circadian and sleep dysfunctions. However, blue light can also induce photoreceptor damage. Thus, it is important to consider the spectral output of LED-based light sources to minimize the danger that may be associated with blue light exposure. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the effects of blue light on the regulation of physiologic functions and the possible effects of blue light exposure on ocular health.
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The severity of blue-light induced damage depends on the time of the day and is thus related with the circadian rhythm.
“The severity of the blue‐light induced damage depends on the time of the day and is thus related with the circadian rhythm 52.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The Non-image-forming photoreception section reports that light-induced retinal damage varies by time of day in rats and links this variation to the retinal circadian clock. It says nighttime blue-light exposure *might* be more harmful, but cautions that this inference comes from nocturnal rodents and that a daily rhythm of retinal damage in humans remains uncertain. The claim states the blue-light relationship more definitively and generally than the source does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntensive blue light in the range between 400 and 440 nm is damaging to the retina via a photochemical reaction called photoreversal of bleaching.
“While short wavelengths in the range of 460 nm are very efficient in phase shifting of circadian system, intensive blue light in the range between 400 and 440 nm (see Figure 4) is damaging to the retina via a photochemical reaction called photoreversal of bleaching 52.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The light-induced damage discussion says blue light at 400–440 nm might be more damaging and explains how photoreversal of bleaching can contribute to photoreceptor damage. But it discusses that mechanism in the context of longer, less intense exposure; it describes short, intense blue-light exposure as a different type of damage associated with oxidative processes. The claim therefore overstates the source's support for photoreversal as the mechanism of damage from intensive exposure. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost of the damaging effects through blue light are demonstrated in nocturnal animals only, or in isolated animal cell cultures directly exposed to blue light.
“However, the detrimental effect of blue light on the retina should be taken with caution. Most of the damaging effects through blue light are demonstrated in nocturnal animals only, or in isolated animal cell cultures directly exposed to blue light 52, 53, 54.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The Non-image-forming photoreception section describes blue-light damage in cultured retinal cells and says the proposed greater risk of nighttime exposure rests on nocturnal-rodent data. But that limitation concerns the day–night comparison, not all retinal damage: the same section reports blue-light-induced damage in rhesus monkeys. The paper therefore does not support the claim’s broad 'nocturnal animals only' characterization; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccumulation of ROS and lipofuscin may be due to both acute and cumulative exposure to blue light.
“Accumulation of ROS and lipofuscin may be due to both acute and cumulative exposure to blue light 52.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The Non-image-forming photoreception section (page unavailable) says blue light absorbed by lipofuscin produces ROS and that oxidative damage can lead to lipofuscin buildup. It also describes damage from short and longer light exposures, but does not establish that both acute and cumulative blue-light exposure cause accumulation of both ROS and lipofuscin. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe amount of lipofuscin in the retina increases with age and is related to age-related macular degeneration.
“The amount of lipofuscin in the retina increases with age and is related to age‐related macular degeneration 52.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Tosini, G., Ferguson, I., & Tsubota, K.
- Affiliations
- Morehouse School of Medicine (US)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (US)
- Keio University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Tosini, Gianluca
- Venue
- Molecular Vision
- Publisher
- Molecular Vision
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 22
- Pages
- 61-72
- ISSN
- 1090-0535 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4734149
- OpenAlex
- W2294594166
- Cited by
- 517
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 18.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular vision (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC958)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NCC 9‐58)
- National Institutes of Health (NCC9-58)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY022216)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- blue light, light-emitting diodes, circadian rhythm, circadian system, sleep disorders, photoreceptor damage, eye health, eye physiology, blue light exposure, light spectrum
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Light, Ocular Physiological Phenomena, Photic Stimulation, Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
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