Cited by 1,889Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Disease and Adiposity

A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome

Open access
Kaur, Jaspinder·2014·Cardiology Research and Practice

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all cause mortality. Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, elevated blood pressure, hypercoagulable state, and chronic stress are the several factors which constitute the syndrome. Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance which is characterized by production of abnormal adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α , interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The interaction between components of the clinical phenotype of the syndrome with its biological phenotype (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, etc.) contributes to the development of a proinflammatory state and further a chronic, subclinical vascular inflammation which modulates and results in atherosclerotic processes. Lifestyle modification remains the initial intervention of choice for such population. Modern lifestyle modification therapy combines specific recommendations on diet and exercise with behavioural strategies. Pharmacological treatment should be considered for those whose risk factors are not adequately reduced with lifestyle changes. This review provides summary of literature related to the syndrome's definition, epidemiology, underlying pathogenesis, and treatment approaches of each of the risk factors comprising metabolic syndrome.

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  1. [136]Toumilheto J Lindstrom J Eriksson JG Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus with lifestyle intervention or metformin The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 344 18 1343 1350 11333990

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Authors
Kaur, J.
Affiliations
Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) Polyclinic, Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala District 144626, India
Corresponding author
Kaur, Jaspinder
Venue
Cardiology Research and Practice
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014
Volume
2014
Pages
1-21
ISSN
  • 2090-0597 (ISSN-L)
  • 2090-8016
OpenAlex
W2144590229
Cited by
1,889
References
249
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 249 · 2018: 307 · 2017: 243 · 2016: 203 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 50
FWCI
169.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Status
Retracted
Open access
Locations
  • Cardiology Research and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, visceral fat, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, adipokines, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes, lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, hypertension, hypercoagulability, genetic susceptibility

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