Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice

Douketis, J D; Macie, C; Thabane, L; Williamson, D F

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982

Cited by 665Bariatric Surgery and OutcomesPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice

Douketis, J D, Macie, C, Thabane, L, Williamson, D F·2005·International Journal of Obesity

DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982

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Abstract

Background Obesity is a common health problem that requires a long-term care approach. We systematically reviewed long-term (> or =2 y) studies investigating dietary/lifestyle, pharmacologic, and surgical weight loss methods to assess (1) weight loss efficacy, defined by absolute weight loss and the proportion of subjects with > or =5% weight loss, (2) effects of weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors, and (3) applicability of findings from studies to everyday clinical practice.Methods The MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials databases were searched for studies investigating the long-term efficacy of weight loss methods in overweight and obese adults. Data were extracted for (i) weight loss after 1 y (pharmacologic studies only), 2 y, 3 y, and 4 y, (ii) proportion of subjects with > or =5% weight loss at the end of follow-up, and (iii) changes (end-of follow-up minus baseline values) in blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Results Dietary/lifestyle therapy provides <5 kg weight loss after 2-4 y, pharmacologic therapy provides 5-10 kg weight loss after 1-2 y, and surgical therapy provides 25-75 kg weight loss after 2-4 y. Weight loss of > or =5% baseline weight is not consistently associated with improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and these benefits appear to be intervention specific and occur mainly in people with concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. Weight loss studies have methodologic limitations that restrict the applicability of findings to unselected obese people assessed in everyday clinical practice. These limitations include an inadequate study duration, large proportions of subjects lost to follow-up, a lack of an appropriate usual care group, and a lack of reporting of outcomes in high-risk subgroups.Conclusions Dietary/lifestyle and pharmacologic weight loss interventions provide modest weight loss, and may improve markers of cardiovascular risk factors although these benefits occur mainly in patients with cardiovascular risks. Studies investigating weight loss have methodologic limitations that restrict the applicability of findings to obese patients assessed in clinical practice.

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The findings pertain to an initial weight loss intervention phase and do not provide information about weight loss maintenance.
“Finally, our findings pertain to an initial weight loss intervention phase and do not provide information related to the more difficult stage of weight loss maintenance [50].”
From A qualitative evaluation of a group phone-based weight loss intervention for rural breast cancer survivors: Themes and mechanisms of success (2016) · cites this paper as [50]
Aerobic exercise can reduce weight and BP, but when exercise is the only intervention, weight losses are small, with an estimated change of 1.6 kg in moderate-intensity programs continued for 6 to 12 months.
“Aerobic exercise can reduce weight and BP, but when exercise is the only intervention, weight losses are small, with an estimated change of 1.6 kg in moderate-intensity programs continued for 6 to 12 months.124,139,140”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [140]
In long-term weight loss studies in obese adults, losses to follow-up are typically between 30% and 60%.
“An average attrition rate of 21% is typical in lifestyle interventions for weight loss [27], in a recent review of long term weight loss studies in obese adults losses to follow-up typically between 30–60% were reported [32].”
From The Internet for weight control in an obese sample: results of a randomised controlled trial (2007) · cites this paper as [32]

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National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants
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2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
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“The remain ing 28 publications were rated good or fair quality and included in the evidence base that was used to form ulate the ESs and recommendations (12-39).”
Method
Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up
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Exercise for overweight or obesity
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2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension-A report of the Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.
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Behavioral and Dietary Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases
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Adherence to a Smartphone Application for Weight Loss Compared to Website and Paper Diary: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
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Understanding weight gain at menopause
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Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension
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Chronic Supplementation With a Mitochondrial Antioxidant (MitoQ) Improves Vascular Function in Healthy Older Adults
Rossman, M. J., Santos-Parker, J. R., Steward, C. A. C., Bispham, N. Z., Cuevas, L. M., Rosenberg, H. L., Woodward, K. A., Chonchol, M., Gioscia-Ryan, R. A., Murphy, M. P., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10787 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight
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Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight-Loss Maintenance
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Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25×25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study
Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., Riley, L. M., Poznyak, V., Beaglehole, R., & Ezzati, M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60616-4 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Is 5% weight loss a satisfactory criterion to define clinically significant weight loss?
Williamson, D. A., Bray, G. A., & Ryan, D. H. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21358 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
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A Taxonomic Signature of Obesity in the Microbiome? Getting to the Guts of the Matter
Finucane, M. M., Sharpton, T. J., Laurent, T. J., & Pollard, K. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084689 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Executive summary: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults
Members, E. P., Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Donato, K. A., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., Jakicic, J. M., et al. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20821 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Maintenance of weight loss after lifestyle interventions for overweight and obesity, a systematic review
Barte, J. C. M., Ter Bogt, N. C. W., Bogers, R. P., Teixeira, P. J., Blissmer, B., Mori, T. A., & Bemelmans, W. J. E. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00740.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Harris, L., Hamilton, S., Azevedo, L. B., Olajide, J., De Brún, C., Waller, G., Whittaker, V., Sharp, T., Lean, M., Hankey, C., et al. (2018) · JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003248 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The relationship between obesity and hypertension: an updated comprehensive overview on vicious twins
Leggio, M., Lombardi, M., Caldarone, E., Severi, P., D’Emidio, S., Armeni, M., Bravi, V., Bendini, M. G., & Mazza, A. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.75 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review
Gerlach, G., Herpertz, S., & Loeber, S. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12235 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Obesity‐related hypertension: Pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment—A position paper of the The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension
Landsberg, L., Aronne, L. J., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Igel, L. I., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., & Sowers, J. R. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20181 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Web-Based Digital Health Interventions for Weight Loss and Lifestyle Habit Changes in Overweight and Obese Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Beleigoli, A. M., Andrade, A. Q., Cançado, A. G., Paulo, M. N., Diniz, M. D. F. H., & Ribeiro, A. L. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9609 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The Effect of a Hypocaloric Diet with and without Exercise Training on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Profile, and Reproductive Function in Overweight and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Thomson, R. L., Buckley, J. D., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Norman, R. J., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0751 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A dose–response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials
Ohkawara, K., Tanaka, S., Miyachi, M., Ishikawa-Takata, K., & Tabata, I. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803683 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Risks and opportunities of increasing yields in organic farming. A review
Röös, E., Mie, A., Wivstad, M., Salomon, E., Johansson, B., Gunnarsson, S., Wallenbeck, A., Hoffmann, R., Nilsson, U., Sundberg, C., et al. (2018) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-018-0489-3 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Expert panel report: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults
(2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20660 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Naude, C. E., Schoonees, A., Senekal, M., Young, T., Garner, P., & Volmink, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100652 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Effectiveness of weight loss interventions – is there a difference between men and women: a systematic review
Williams, R. L., Wood, L. G., Collins, C. E., & Callister, R. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12241 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects
Tzoulaki, I., Elliott, P., Kontis, V., & Ezzati, M. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.008718 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Can Noncommunicable Diseases Be Prevented? Lessons from Studies of Populations and Individuals
Ezzati, M., & Ríboli, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1227001 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery: Scope of the Problem, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
Noria, S. F., Shelby, R. D., Atkins, K. D., Nguyen, N. T., & Gadde, K. M. (2023) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-023-01498-z · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Nutritional deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity often cannot be prevented by standard multivitamin supplementation
Gasteyger, C., Suter, M., Gaillard, R. C., & Giusti, V. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1128 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Araghi, M. H., Chen, Y.-F., Jagielski, A., Choudhury, S., Banerjee, D., Hussain, S., Thomas, G. N., & Taheri, S. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.3056 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Dietary restraint: What’s the harm? A review of the relationship between dietary restraint, weight trajectory and the development of eating pathology
Schaumberg, K., Anderson, D. A., Anderson, L. M., Reilly, E. E., & Gorrell, S. (2016) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12134 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Lifestyle Interventions for Adults With Serious Mental Illness: A Systematic Literature Review
Cabassa, L., Ezell, J. M., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.8.774 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Rimonabant for Improvement of Multiple Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight/Obese Patients
Gaal, L. V., Pi‐Sunyer, X., Després, J., McCarthy, C., & Scheen, A. J. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-s258 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Adherence and Success in Long-Term Weight Loss Diets: The Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT)
Greenberg, I., Stampfer, M. J., Schwarzfuchs, D., Shai, I., & for the DIRECT Group (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719767 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Transtheoretical model stages of change for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults
Mastellos, N., Gunn, L. H., Felix, L. M., Car, J., & Majeed, A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008066.pub3 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
An overview of obesity‐related complications: The epidemiological evidence linking body weight and other markers of obesity to adverse health outcomes
Blüher, M. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16263 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Systematic review of long‐term lifestyle interventions to prevent weight gain and morbidity in adults
Brown, T. J., Avenell, A., Edmunds, L., Moore, H. J., Whittaker, V., Avery, L., Summerbell, C. D., & for the PROGRESS Team (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00641.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of workplace physical activity and dietary behaviour interventions on weight outcomes
Verweij, L. M., Coffeng, J. K., van Mechelen, W., & Proper, K. I. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00765.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Motivators and Barriers to Engaging in Healthy Eating and Physical Activity
Ashton, L., Hutchesson, M., Rollo, M. E., Morgan, P. J., & Collins, C. E. (2016) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988316680936 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial
Mensinger, J. L., Calogero, R. M., Stranges, S., & Tylka, T. L. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Barriers and enablers for participation in healthy lifestyle programs by adolescents who are overweight: a qualitative study of the opinions of adolescents, their parents and community stakeholders
Smith, K. L., Straker, L. M., McManus, A., & Fenner, A. A. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-53 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Weight Loss and Black Women: A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention Literature
Fitzgibbon, M. L., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Porter, J. S., Martin, I. K., Odoms-Young, A., & Sharp, L. K. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00945.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Systems and WBANs for Controlling Obesity
Mohammed, M. S., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., & Reig, I. B. (2018) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/1564748 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Obesity management: update on orlistat.
Drew, B. S., Dixon, A. F. R., & Dixon, J. B. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes
Tan, Q., Akindehin, S. E., Orsso, C. E., Waldner, R. C., DiMarchi, R. D., Müller, T. D., & Haqq, A. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.838410 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Strategies for Achieving Healthy Vascular Aging
Nowak, K. L., Rossman, M. J., Chonchol, M., & Seals, D. R. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10439 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Text4Diet: A randomized controlled study using text messaging for weight loss behaviors
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Authors: Douketis, J. D., Macie, C., Thabane, L., & Williamson, D. F.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Douketis, J D
ORCID: Douketis, J D
Thabane, L
Venue: International Journal of Obesity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-07-05
Volume: 29
Issue: 10
Pages: 1153-1167
ISSN: 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
1476-5497
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982
OpenAlex: W2050986291
Cited by: 665
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 4.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: obesity, long-term weight loss, weight loss efficacy, bariatric surgery, cardiovascular risk factors, serum lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, overweight adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Reducing, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Anti-Obesity Agents

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Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice

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