Maternal and paternal age and risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in offspring. DESIGN: Historical birth cohort study. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente (KP) in Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: All singleton children born at KP from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1999, were included in the study. We identified 593 children who had ASD diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 299.0 or 299.8) recorded 2 or more times in KP outpatient databases before May 2005. These children were compared with all 132,251 remaining singleton KP births. Main Exposures Maternal and paternal age at birth of offspring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks (RRs) estimated from proportional hazards regression models. Risk of ASDs evaluated in relation to maternal and paternal age, adjusted for each other and for the sex, birth date, and birth order of the child, maternal and paternal educational level, and maternal and paternal race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Risk of ASDs increased significantly with each 10-year increase in maternal age (adjusted RR, 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.62) and paternal age (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.09-1.51). Adjusted RRs for both maternal and paternal age were elevated for children with autistic disorder (maternal age: RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.87-1.60; paternal age: RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06-1.69) and children with Asperger disorder or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (maternal age: RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09-1.93; paternal age: RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.99-1.55). Associations with parental age were somewhat stronger for girls than for boys, although sex differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Advanced maternal and paternal ages are independently associated with ASD risk.
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Children of black ethnicity had increased risk for AD, 2.6 (1.3-5.0), while the risk for Asperger Syndrome and PDD-NOS decreased in these children, 0.5 (0.2-1.0).
“While children of black ethnicity had increased risk for AD, 2.6 (1.3–5.0), the risk for Asperger Syndrome and PDD-NOS decreased in these children 0.5 (0.2–1.0) [72].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Croen, L. A., Najjar, D. V., Fireman, B., & Grether, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-04-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 334
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112143532
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 11.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (U10/CCU920392-02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, advanced parental age, maternal age, paternal age, autism risk, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, autistic disorder, birth cohort, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Age, Middle Aged, Paternal Age, Risk Factors, Proportional Hazards Models, Asperger Syndrome
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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