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Cited by 396Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsSmoking Behavior and CessationMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence

Fergusson, David M., Woodward, Lianne J., Horwood, L. John·1998·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.721
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the extent to which exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with increased risks of psychiatric symptoms in late adolescence (adolescents aged 16-18 years) when due allowance was made for confounding or selection factors associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. METHODS: Data were gathered during an 18-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children born in New Zealand. The measures collected included (1) maternal smoking during pregnancy; (2) assessments of psychiatric problems (conduct disorder, major depression, and anxiety and substance use disorders) at age 16 to 18 years; and (3) measures of potentially confounding social, family, and parental factors. RESULTS: Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy had higher psychiatric symptom rates for conduct disorder, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and depression. Those children whose mothers smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day during their pregnancy had symptom rates that were between 1.4 and 2.5 (median, 2.0) times higher than the children of nonsmokers. Smoking during pregnancy was also associated with a series of adverse or disadvantageous factors that included (1) socioeconomic disadvantage, (2) impaired child-rearing behaviors, and (3) parental and family problems. After adjustment for these confounding and selection factors, smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased rate of conduct disorder symptoms in late adolescence (P<.001). This effect was more pronounced for male than female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy may contribute to childrens' risk of later externalizing problems. There is a need to further explore the moderating effect of the sex of the child and to clarify the underlying pathophysiological features of this relationship.

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  • Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been linked to long-term adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring including attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and substance/nicotine use.

    “Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been linked to low birthweight, admission to neonatal intensive care units, increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome,2, 3, 6 and long-term adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring including attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and substance/nicotine use.7–10.”

    From Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Newborn Neurobehavior: Effects at 10 to 27 Days (2009) · cites this paper as [8]

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Authors
Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
1998-08-01
Volume
55
Issue
8
Pages
721
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.721
OpenAlex
W1966730781
Cited by
396
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
FWCI
16.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
smoking during pregnancy, conduct disorder, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, alcohol abuse, externalizing problems, socioeconomic deprivation, child-rearing behavior, parental problems, sex differences, birth cohort
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Educational Status, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New Zealand, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Social Class, Comorbidity, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders

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