Associations between indoor environmental factors and parental-reported autistic spectrum disorders in children 6–8 years of age
Open accessAbstract
Potential contributions of environmental chemicals and conditions to the etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders are the subject of considerable current research and speculation. The present paper describes the results of a study undertaken as part of a larger project devoted to the connection between properties of the indoor environment and asthma and allergy in young Swedish children. The larger project, The Dampness in Buildings and Health (DBH) Study, began in the year 2000 with a questionnaire distributed to parents of all children 1-6 years of age in one Swedish county (DBH-I). A second, follow-up questionnaire (DBH-III) was distributed in 2005. The original survey collected information about the child, the family situation, practices such as smoking, allergic symptoms, type of residence, moisture-related problems, and type of flooring material, which included polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The 2005 survey, based on the same children, now 6-8 years of age, also asked if, during the intervening period, the child had been diagnosed with Autism, Asperger's syndrome, or Tourette's syndrome. From a total of 4779 eligible children, 72 (60 boys, 12 girls) were identified with parentally reported autism spectrum disorder. A random sample of 10 such families confirmed that the diagnoses had been made by medical professionals, in accordance with the Swedish system for monitoring children's health. An analysis of the associations between indoor environmental variables in 2000 as well as other background factors and the ASD diagnosis indicated five statistically significant variables: (1) maternal smoking; (2) male sex; (3) economic problems in the family; (4) condensation on windows, a proxy for low ventilation rate in the home; (5) PVC flooring, especially in the parents' bedroom. In addition, airway symptoms of wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma in the baseline investigation (2000) were associated with ASD 5 years later. Results from the second phase of the DBH-study (DBH-II) indicate PVC flooring to be one important source of airborne phthalates indoors, and that asthma and allergy prevalence are associated with phthalate concentrations in settled dust in the children's bedroom. Because these associations are among the few linking ASD with environmental variables, they warrant further and more extensive exploration.
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The direction of social class confounding differed by country: in the U.S. and Canada associations were higher after adjustment, whereas in European countries associations were attenuated after adjustment.
“In the U.S. and Canada, associations were higher after adjusting for sociodemographic variables,52,57 whereas in European countries (Sweden, Finland, and Norway), associations were attenuated after adjustment.51,53,58,59”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
All included POP studies adjusted for sociodemographic confounders, and all except one adjusted for maternal age.
“All of these studies adjusted for important sociodemographic confounders, and all except for one adjusted for maternal age.”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
Most phthalate studies lacked statistical precision for conclusive results.
“most lacked the statistical precision for conclusive results”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
Across three studies, several phthalate congeners appeared linked to higher autism risk.
“Several phthalate congeners, in contrast, appeared associated with increased autism across three different studies”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
Phthalate results were not consistent across the three studies.
“although results were not consistent across these studies”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
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“Several phthalate congeners, in contrast, appeared associated with increased autism across three different studies, although results were not consistent across these studies and most lacked the statistical precision for conclusive results.(58,136,158) In summary, the emerging literature on autism and persistent and no…”
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- Authors
- Larsson, M., Weiss, B., Janson, S., Sundell, J., & Bornehag, C.-G.
- Affiliations
- Karlstad University (SE)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- The University of Texas at Tyler (US)
- Venue
- NeuroToxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 822-831
- ISSN
- 0161-813X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3787697
- OpenAlex
- W1993168754
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroToxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vårdalstiftelsen
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas
- Astma- och Allergiförbundet
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES-01247, ES013247, R01ES013247, ES015509, R21ES015509, P30ES001247)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, indoor environment, phthalates, PVC flooring, maternal smoking, residential ventilation, asthma, wheezing, Asperger syndrome, Tourette syndrome, environmental chemicals, children, settled dust, family economic hardship, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Ventilation, Linear Models, Odds Ratio, Epidemiologic Studies, Air Pollution, Indoor
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