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Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 Through 2013-2014

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Ogden, Cynthia L., Carroll, Margaret D., Lawman, Hannah G., Fryar, Cheryl D., Kruszon-Moran, Deanna, Kit, Brian K., Flegal, Katherine M.·2016·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2016.6361PMC PMC6361521
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Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Previous analyses of obesity trends among children and adolescents showed an increase between 1988-1994 and 1999-2000, but no change between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, except for a significant decline among children aged 2 to 5 years. OBJECTIVES: To provide estimates of obesity and extreme obesity prevalence for children and adolescents for 2011-2014 and investigate trends by age between 1988-1994 and 2013-2014. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years with measured weight and height in the 1988-1994 through 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. EXPOSURES: Survey period. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or above the sex-specific 95th percentile on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts. Extreme obesity was defined as a BMI at or above 120% of the sex-specific 95th percentile on the CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. Detailed estimates are presented for 2011-2014. The analyses of linear and quadratic trends in prevalence were conducted using 9 survey periods. Trend analyses between 2005-2006 and 2013-2014 also were conducted. RESULTS: Measurements from 40,780 children and adolescents (mean age, 11.0 years; 48.8% female) between 1988-1994 and 2013-2014 were analyzed. Among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, the prevalence of obesity in 2011-2014 was 17.0% (95% CI, 15.5%-18.6%) and extreme obesity was 5.8% (95% CI, 4.9%-6.8%). Among children aged 2 to 5 years, obesity increased from 7.2% (95% CI, 5.8%-8.8%) in 1988-1994 to 13.9% (95% CI, 10.7%-17.7%) (P < .001) in 2003-2004 and then decreased to 9.4% (95% CI, 6.8%-12.6%) (P = .03) in 2013-2014. Among children aged 6 to 11 years, obesity increased from 11.3% (95% CI, 9.4%-13.4%) in 1988-1994 to 19.6% (95% CI, 17.1%-22.4%) (P < .001) in 2007-2008, and then did not change (2013-2014: 17.4% [95% CI, 13.8%-21.4%]; P = .44). Obesity increased among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years between 1988-1994 (10.5% [95% CI, 8.8%-12.5%]) and 2013-2014 (20.6% [95% CI, 16.2%-25.6%]; P < .001) as did extreme obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years (3.6% [95% CI, 2.5%-5.0%] in 1988-1994 to 4.3% [95% CI, 3.0%-6.1%] in 2013-2014; P = .02) and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (2.6% [95% CI, 1.7%-3.9%] in 1988-1994 to 9.1% [95% CI, 7.0%-11.5%] in 2013-2014; P < .001). No significant trends were observed between 2005-2006 and 2013-2014 (P value range, .09-.87). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this nationally representative study of US children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, the prevalence of obesity in 2011-2014 was 17.0% and extreme obesity was 5.8%. Between 1988-1994 and 2013-2014, the prevalence of obesity increased until 2003-2004 and then decreased in children aged 2 to 5 years, increased until 2007-2008 and then leveled off in children aged 6 to 11 years, and increased among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years.

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  1. [26]Korn EL, Graubard BI. Confidence intervals for proportions with small expected number of positive counts estimated from survey data. Survey Methodology. 1998; 23: 193– 201.

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Metadata

Authors
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Lawman, H. G., Fryar, C. D., Kruszon-Moran, D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M.
Affiliations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
  • National Center for Health Statistics, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
Corresponding author
Ogden, Cynthia L.
ORCID
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2016-06-07
Volume
315
Issue
21
Pages
2292
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2016.6361
PMC
PMC6361521
OpenAlex
W2419228228
Cited by
2,178
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 230 · 2020: 290 · 2019: 355 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 333 · 2016: 69
FWCI
399.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Keywords
childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, obesity prevalence trends, morbid obesity, body mass index, children aged 2-5 years, NHANES
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Time Factors, United States, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult, Pediatric Obesity

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