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Cited by 303Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseGun Ownership and Violence Research

Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016

Open access
Ruch, Donna A., Sheftall, Arielle H., Schlagbaum, Paige, Rausch, Joseph, Campo, John V., Bridge, Jeffrey A.·2019·JAMA Network Open
DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3886PMC PMC6537827
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Abstract

Importance: Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, with rates traditionally higher in male than in female youth. Recent national mortality data suggest this gap may be narrowing, which warrants investigation. Objective: To investigate trends in suicide rates among US youth aged 10 to 19 years by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and method of suicide. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study using period trend analysis of US suicide decedents aged 10 to 19 years from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed for periods defined by statistically significant changes in suicide rate trends. Suicide rates were calculated using population estimates. Main Outcomes and Measures: Period trends in suicide rates by sex and age group were assessed using joinpoint regression. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using negative binomial regression comparing male and female suicide rates within periods. Results: From 1975 to 2016, we identified 85 051 youth suicide deaths in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]) with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35). Following a downward trend until 2007, suicide rates for female youth showed the largest significant percentage increase compared with male youth (12.7% vs 7.1% for individuals aged 10-14 years; 7.9% vs 3.5% for individuals aged 15-19 years). The male to female IRR decreased significantly across the study period for youth aged 10 to 14 years (3.14 [95% CI, 2.74-3.61] to 1.80 [95% CI, 1.53-2.12]) and 15 to 19 years (4.15 [95% CI, 3.79-4.54] to 3.31 [95% CI, 2.96-3.69]). Significant declining trends in the male to female IRR were found in non-Hispanic white youth aged 10 to 14 years (3.27 [95% CI, 2.68-4.00] to 2.04 [95% CI, 1.45-2.89]) and non-Hispanic youth of other races aged 15 to 19 years (4.02 [95% CI, 3.29-4.92] to 2.35 [95% CI, 2.00-2.76]). The male to female IRR for firearms increased significantly for youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 7.74; P = .02 for sex × period interaction). The male to female IRR of suicide by hanging or suffocation decreased significantly for both age groups (10-14 years: χ2 = 88.83; P < .001 for sex × period interaction and 15-19 years: χ2 = 82.15; P < .001 for sex × period interaction). No significant change was found in the male to female IRR of suicide by poisoning across the study period. Conclusions and Relevance: A significant reduction in the historically large gap in youth suicide rates between male and female individuals underscores the importance of interventions that consider unique differences by sex. Future research examining sex-specific factors associated with youth suicide is warranted.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This cross-sectional analysis of 85,051 US youth suicide deaths aged 10 to 19 years from 1975 to 2016 found that the male-to-female suicide rate ratio declined over time, especially among younger youth. Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation approached male rates, and racial/ethnic differences in the narrowing gap were present.

Key findings

  • Among youth aged 10 to 14 years, the male-to-female incidence rate ratio (IRR) for suicide decreased significantly from 3.14 (95% CI, 2.74-3.61) in 1975-1991 to 1.80 (95% CI, 1.53-2.12) in 2007-2016 (χ2 = 30.41; P < .001 for sex × period interaction).
  • From 2007 to 2016, suicide rates for female youth aged 10 to 14 years increased 12.73% annually (95% CI, 8.81%-16.80%) compared with 7.08% (95% CI, 4.21%-10.03%) for male youth; for ages 15 to 19 years, female rates increased 7.91% annually (95% CI, 5.84%-10.02%) compared with 3.49% (95% CI, 2.28%-4.72%) for male youth.
  • The male-to-female IRR for suicide by hanging or suffocation decreased significantly for both age groups (10-14 years: χ2 = 88.83; P < .001; 15-19 years: χ2 = 82.15; P < .001), while the male-to-female IRR for firearms increased significantly for youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 7.74; P = .02).
  • Among youth aged 10 to 14 years, the male-to-female IRR declined significantly for non-Hispanic white youth (χ2 = 8.10; P = .02) and non-Hispanic youth of other races (χ2 = 8.79; P = .02); non-Hispanic white youth had an IRR decrease from 3.27 (95% CI, 2.68-4.00) in 1975-1991 to 2.04 (95% CI, 1.45-2.89) in 2007-2016.

Methods

  • Deidentified national mortality data were obtained from CDC WONDER for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States from 1975 to 2016, with suicide identified by ICD codes E950-E959 (ICD-8/9, 1975-1998) and X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03 (ICD-10, 1999-2016).
  • Crude suicide rates per 100,000 persons were calculated using WONDER population estimates; trends by sex and age group (10-14 and 15-19 years) were assessed with Joinpoint regression software version 4.3.1.0.
  • Incidence rate ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using negative binomial regression comparing male and female suicide rates within select periods; χ2 tests compared male-to-female IRRs across periods, with analyses in Stata/IC version 14.1 and a 2-tailed significance level of P < .05.

Limitations

  • Stated: the data cannot explain underlying reasons for the narrowing gap between sexes in youth suicide.
  • Stated: variations in cause-of-death coding across ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 may have affected results, and it is unknown whether accuracy of classifying a youth death as suicide changed during the study period.
  • Stated: early suicide trends for Hispanic and non-Hispanic categories should be interpreted with caution because these data were not captured before 1990 and were excluded from select states through 1996; evident from the text, the cross-sectional design using aggregate mortality records cannot establish causality or individual-level mechanisms.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3886

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Between 1975 and 2016, a total of 85,051 suicide deaths were identified for US youth aged 10 to 19 years.

    “Between 1975 and 2016, a total of 85 051 suicide deaths were identified for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]), with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
  • Findingown data

    Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation are approaching those of male youth.

    “Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation are approaching those of male youth, and significant differences by race/ethnicity also exist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
  • Findingown data

    Significant differences by race/ethnicity exist in youth suicide rates.

    “Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation are approaching those of male youth, and significant differences by race/ethnicity also exist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
  • Findingown data

    The narrowing of the male-female suicide rate gap was most pronounced among younger youth aged 10 to 14 years.

    “The narrowing gap between male and female rates of suicide was most pronounced among youth aged 10 to 14 years, underscoring the importance of early prevention efforts that take both sex and developmental level into consideration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
  • Findingown data

    The male to female incidence rate ratio of suicide among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over 1975-2016 was 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35).

    “Between 1975 and 2016, a total of 85 051 suicide deaths were identified for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]), with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among youth aged 10 to 14 years, the male to female IRR of suicide declined significantly for non-Hispanic white youth and non-Hispanic youth of other races.

    “When examined by race/ethnicity, the male to female IRR of suicide among youth aged 10 to 14 years declined significantly for non-Hispanic white youth (χ2 = 8.10; P = .02 for sex × period interaction) and non-Hispanic youth of other races (χ2 = 8.79; P = .02 for sex × period interaction)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For youth aged 15 to 19 years, female suicide rates increased 2.4% annually from 1975 to 1988, then decreased 2.2% annually until 2007.

    “Among youth aged 15 to 19 years, the trend in suicide rates from 1975 increased 2.4% annually for female individuals until 1988, and 2.8% for male individuals until 1991, then decreased 2.2% for female individuals and 3.4% for male individuals each year until 2007”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Differences in the male to female IRR for youth aged 15 to 19 years across the study period were significant, increasing from 4.15 (95% CI, 3.79-4.54) in 1975-1987 to 4.56 (95% CI, 4.18-4.97) in 1988-2006, then decreasing to 3.31 (95% CI, 2.96-3.69) through 2016.

    “Differences in the male to female IRR across the study period were significant (χ2 = 20.89; P < .001 for sex × period interaction), increasing from 4.15 (95% CI, 3.79-4.54) in 1975 to 1987 to 4.56 (95% CI, 4.18-4.97) in 1988 to 2006, then decreasing to 3.31 (95% CI, 2.96-3.69) through 2016”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A significant downward trend in the male to female IRR was observed for Hispanic youth aged 15 to 19 years, but data were only available for the 1998-2006 and 2007-2016 reporting periods.

    “A significant downward trend in the male to female IRR was also observed for Hispanic youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 8.75; P = .003 for sex × period interaction), but data were only available for the 1998 to 2006 and 2007 to 2016 reporting periods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The male to female IRR of suicide decreased for all racial/ethnic categories since 2007, with a significant declining trend across the study period in younger non-Hispanic white youth and older non-Hispanic youth of other races.

    “The male to female IRR of suicide decreased for all racial/ethnic categories since 2007, with a significant declining trend across the study period in younger non-Hispanic white youth and older non-Hispanic youth of other races.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    A significant decreasing trend in the male to female IRR of suicide was found across all US regions for youth aged 15 to 19 years.

    “A significant decreasing trend was found across all US regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The male to female IRR of suicide decreased significantly for non-Hispanic youth of other race aged 15 to 19 years from 4.02 (95% CI, 3.29-4.92) in 1975-1987 to 2.35 (95% CI, 2.00-2.76) in 2007-2016.

    “The male to female IRR of suicide decreased significantly for non-Hispanic youth of other race from 4.02 (95% CI, 3.29-4.92) in 1975 to 1987 to 2.35 (95% 5 CI, 2.00-2.76) in 2007 to 2016.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For youth aged 15 to 19 years, male suicide rates increased 2.8% annually from 1975 to 1991, then decreased 3.4% annually until 2007.

    “Among youth aged 15 to 19 years, the trend in suicide rates from 1975 increased 2.4% annually for female individuals until 1988, and 2.8% for male individuals until 1991, then decreased 2.2% for female individuals and 3.4% for male individuals each year until 2007”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Differences in the male to female IRR were greatest for non-Hispanic black youth aged 15 to 19 years, with an increasing trend between 1975-1987 and 1998-2006, followed by a declining trend from 2007 to 2016.

    “Differences in the male to female IRR were greatest for non-Hispanic black youth, with an increasing trend between 1975 to 1987 and 1998 to 2006, followed by a declining trend in the male to female IRR from 2007 to 2016.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The male to female IRR of suicide declined across all US regions over time, although not significantly in the West.

    “The male to female IRR of suicide declined across all US regions over time, although not significantly in the West”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For youth aged 10 to 14 years, after declining trends for both sexes until 2007, female suicide rates increased 12.7% annually from 2007 onward, compared with 7.1% for male youth.

    “Following declining trends for both sexes until 2007, the trend in suicide rates for female youth showed the largest significant percentage change, increasing 12.7% annually compared with 7.1% for male youth, contributing to a discernable narrowing of the gap between male and female rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Female youth are experiencing a greater percentage increase in suicide rates compared with male youth.

    “However, 2 recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention5,6 reveal that female youth are experiencing a greater percentage increase in suicide rates compared with male youth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Curtin SC, Hedegaard H, Minino A, Warner M, Simon T QuickStats: suicide rates for teens aged 15-19 years, by sex—United States, 1975-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66(30): 816. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a6 28771461 PMC5720877 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db241.htm. Published April 2016. Accessed November 17, 2018.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Existing reports do not address the extent to which the disproportionate increase in suicide rates among female youth is contributing to a narrowing gap between male and female youth suicide rates.

    “Although informative, these reports do not address the extent to which the disproportionate increase in suicide rates among female youth is contributing to a narrowing gap between male and female youth suicide rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The existing paradox of suicidal behavior is that female individuals have higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide than male individuals, while death by suicide is lower in female individuals than male individuals.

    “Results from this study potentially challenge the existing paradox of suicidal behavior where female individuals have higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide than male individuals, while death by suicide is lower in female individuals than male individuals.15”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Schrijvers DL, Bollen J, Sabbe BG The gender paradox in suicidal behavior and its impact on the suicidal process. J Affect Disord. 2012; 138(1-2): 19- 26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.050 21529962 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most youth suicide decedents die on their first attempt, and the likelihood of death on first attempt is associated with lethality of method.

    “Most youth suicide decedents actually die on their first attempt, with the likelihood of death on first attempt being associated with lethality of method.14”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] McKean AJS, Pabbati CP, Geske JR, Bostwick JM Rethinking lethality in youth suicide attempts: first suicide attempt outcomes in youth ages 10 to 24. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018; 57(10): 786- 791. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.04.021 30274653 PMC6375682

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The percentage of female youth who made a suicide plan increased significantly from 13.4% to 17.1% from 2007 to 2017, while no significant change was found in male youth.

    “The percentage of female youth who made a suicide plan also increased significantly from 13.4% to 17.1%, while no significant change was found in male youth.19”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey: data summary and trends report 2007-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trendsreport.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2019.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among youth aged 15 to 19 years, suicide rates for female individuals more than doubled from 2007 to 2015, compared with a 31% increase for male individuals.

    “A study5 of youth aged 15 to 19 years showed suicide rates for female individuals more than doubled from 2007 to 2015, compared with a 31% increase for male individuals”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Curtin SC, Hedegaard H, Minino A, Warner M, Simon T QuickStats: suicide rates for teens aged 15-19 years, by sex—United States, 1975-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66(30): 816. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a6 28771461 PMC5720877 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research has identified a strong link between youth suicide and mental health, most commonly depression.

    “Research20,21,22 has also identified a strong link between youth suicide and mental health, most commonly depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Collishaw S Annual research review: secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015; 56(3): 370- 393. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12372 25496340

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ,; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Suppl. 2013; 62(2): 1- 35. 23677130

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6): 1- 12. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1878 27940701 PMC5127071

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A history of suicidal behavior is a leading predictor of future suicide in youth.

    “A history of suicidal behavior is a leading predictor of future suicide in youth,16,17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Bridge JA, Goldstein TR, Brent DA Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006; 47(3-4): 372- 394. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x 16492264 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Nock MK, Green JG, Hwang I, Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70(3): 300- 310. doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55 23303463 PMC3886236 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rates of hospitalization for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in youth have increased over time in both sexes, with the increase greatest among female youth.

    “although rates of hospitalization for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in youth have increased over time in both sexes, this increase has been greatest among female youth.18”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Plemmons G, Hall M, Doupnik S, Hospitalization for suicide ideation or attempt: 2008-2015. Pediatrics. 2018; 141(6): e20172426. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2426 29769243

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Female youth aged 10 to 14 years experienced the largest percentage increase in suicide rates compared with other age groups, tripling from 0.5 per 100,000 in 1999 to 1.5 per 100,000 in 2014.

    “an additional report6 found female youth aged 10 to 14 years experienced the largest percentage increase in suicide rates compared with other age groups, tripling from 0.5 per 100 000 in 1999 to 1.5 per 100 000 in 2014.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db241.htm. Published April 2016. Accessed November 17, 2018.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Suicide rates in the United States have historically been higher in male individuals than in female individuals across all age groups.

    “Rates of suicide in the United States have historically been higher in male individuals than in female individuals across all age groups.3,4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Lubell KM, Kegler SR, Crosby AE, Karch D; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Suicide trends among youths and young adults aged 10-24 years—United States, 1990-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56(35):-. 17805220 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Sullivan EM, Annest JL, Simon TR, Luo F, Dahlberg LL; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Suicide trends among persons aged 10-24 years—United States, 1994-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015; 64(8): 201- 205. 25742379 PMC4584715

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    These data cannot explain underlying reasons for the narrowing of the gap between the sexes in youth suicide.

    “First, these data cannot explain underlying reasons for the narrowing of the gap between the sexes in youth suicide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Early suicide trends for Hispanic and non-Hispanic categories should be interpreted with caution, as these data were not captured before 1990 and excluded from select states through 1996.

    “Fourth, early suicide trends for Hispanic and non-Hispanic categories should be interpreted with caution, as these data were not captured before 1990 and excluded from select states through 1996.7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force A Prioritized Research Agenda for Suicide Prevention: An Action Plan to Save Lives. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health and the Research Prioritization Task Force; 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The percentage of female youth who experienced persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness increased significantly between 2007 and 2017 (from 35.8% to 41.1%), with no significant changes seen in male youth.

    “The Youth Risk Behavior Survey19 found that the percentage of female youth who experienced persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness increased significantly between 2007 and 2017 (from 35.8% to 41.1%), with no significant changes seen in male youth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey: data summary and trends report 2007-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trendsreport.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2019.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    It is unknown whether the accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth has changed during the study period.

    “Third, it is unknown whether the accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth has changed during the study period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.

    “Deidentified data were obtained from Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) records in which suicide (coded as E950-E959 for the eighth and ninth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases [1975-1998] and X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03 for the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [1999-2016]) was listed as the underlying cause of death among youth”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth did not change during the study period.

    “Third, it is unknown whether the accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth has changed during the study period.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Citation for earlier disparity studies points to a reporting guideline

    Minor

    The discussion cites reference 9 as an earlier study supporting racial/ethnic disparities, but reference 9 is the STROBE reporting guideline.

  • Table rate denominator conflicts with Methods

    Minor

    The table title labels suicide rates as per 100 100, while the Methods state that rates were calculated per 100 000 persons.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Klebba, 1980, Estimates of selected comparability ratios based on dual coding of 1976 death certificates by the eighth and ninth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases., Mon Vital Stat Rep, 28
  2. National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force, 2014, A Prioritized Research Agenda for Suicide Prevention: An Action Plan to Save Lives

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Related

Authors
Ruch, D. A., Sheftall, A. H., Schlagbaum, P., Rausch, J., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A.
Affiliations
  • Nationwide Children's Hospital (US)
  • West Virginia University (US)
Corresponding author
Ruch, Donna A.
ORCID
Venue
JAMA Network Open
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2019-05-17
Volume
2
Issue
5
Pages
e193886
ISSN
2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3886
PMC
PMC6537827
OpenAlex
W2945445235
Semantic Scholar
ef670dad27f3e30e1bc907f31f5a9ebe2a9c364d
Cited by
303
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 1
FWCI
46.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH116206, R01MH117594, MH117594)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
  • Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
Keywords
youth suicide, suicide rates, sex differences in suicide, age differences in suicide, racial and ethnic differences, suicide methods, firearm suicide, hanging, drug overdose, suicide prevention, suicide prevention programs, suicide prevention policy, United States, young adults, Latino youth, Black youth
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cause of Death, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Suicide, United States, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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