Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004
Open accessAbstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the benefits of high-protein diets. This study determined current usual intake of protein in America. Using the most recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004, usual protein intake for Americans aged 2+ years was estimated. Usual protein intake was calculated on a grams per day, grams per kilogram ideal body weight, and a percentage of calories basis. Protein intake averaged 56 +/- 14 g/d in young children, increased to a high of approximately 91 +/- 22 g/d in adults aged 19-30 y, and decreased to approximately 66 +/- 17 g/d in the elderly. The percentage of the male population who consumed less than the estimated average requirement was very low. Our estimates indicated that 7.7% of adolescent females and 7.2-8.6% of older adult women reported consuming protein levels below their estimated average requirement. The median intake of protein on a percentage of calories basis ranged from 13.4% in children aged 4-8 y to 16.0% in men aged 51-70 y. Even the 95th percentile of protein intake did not approach the highest acceptable macronutrient distribution range of 35% for an age/sex group. The highest 95th percentile of protein intake was 20.8% of calories in men aged 51-70 y. Given the demonstrated benefits of higher protein intake on weight management, sarcopenia, and other physiologic functions, efforts should be undertaken to ensure that Americans consume the recommended amount of protein (17-21% of calories as expected from MyPyramid food patterns).
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Younger individuals consume protein above the RDA (1.3 g/kg/day).
“although younger individuals consume protein above the RDA (1.3 g kg -1 day -1 ; Fulgoni, 2008)”
From Sex‐based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women (2016) · cites this paper as Fulgoni, 2008
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de Gavelle, E., Huneau, J., Bianchi, C. M., Verger, E., & Mariotti, F. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121333 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Protein intake and adequacy assessments produced similar results during the NHANES 2003–2004 study in the USA, except for women over 30 [13], and slightly higher results during the NHANES 2007–2010 study (3.”
ResultKim, I.-Y., Schutzler, S. E., Schrader, A. M., Spencer, H., Azhar, G., Wolfe, R., & Ferrando, A. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.020 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“1 g/ kg/d [2], or 77 g protein/d for 70 kg adults.”
BackgroundNutritional ketosis for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A controlled pilot trial
Krikorian, R., Shidler, M., Summer, S., Sullivan, P., Duker, A., Isaacson, R., & Espay, A. (2019) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2019.07.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Protein comprised 15% of total caloric intake, also consistent with typical US dietary intake data [25].”
Protein intake protects against weight loss in healthy community-dwelling older adults.
Gray-donald, K., St-Arnaud-Mckenzie, D., Gaudreau, P., Morais, J., Shatenstein, B., & Payette, H. (2014) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.3945/jn.113.184705 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“8 g /(kg d)] (21) range from 15% to 35% (10,22,23).”
Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist nuns
Ho-Pham, L., Nguyen, P., Le, T. H. T., Doan, T. A. T., Tran, N. T., Le, T., & Nguyen, T. (2009) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0916-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“comparable to the intake observed in Caucasian populations [11, 29].”
ResultPotential pitfalls of health claims from a public health nutrition perspective.
Mariotti, F., Kalonji, E., Huneau, J., & Margaritis, I. (2010) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00322.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Phillips, S. M., & Martinson, W. (2018) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy062 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS): 10 years on
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“7 g of protein per kg of body weight per day (g/kg BW/day) [5] and close to 10% of women > 71 years had protein intakes below the EAR in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 [6].”
Update on protein intake: importance of milk proteins for health status of the elderly.
Wolfe, R. (2015) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv021 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“5 g/ kg/day.(29) Thus, recommendations for dietary protein intake in the context of a complete diet range from 1.”
BackgroundSex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors
Hwang, J., & Park, S.-W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911980 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Link between Dietary Protein Intake, Skeletal Muscle Function and Health in Older Adults
Baum, J., & Wolfe, R. (2015) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare3030529 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Jakobsen, L. H., Kondrup, J., Zellner, M., Tetens, I., & Roth, E. (2011) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.12.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss
Lancha, A., Zanella, R., Tanabe, S. G. O., Andriamihaja, M., & Blachier, F. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2355-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fulgoni, V. L.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Nutrition Society (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fulgoni, Victor L
- ORCID
- Fulgoni, Victor L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1554S-1557S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1924042297
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- protein intake, usual dietary intake, protein adequacy, estimated average requirement, age and sex differences, adolescents, older adults, children, high-protein diet
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Dietary Proteins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritional Requirements, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Muscle, Skeletal, Nutrition Policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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