The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of childhood stimulant treatment and later substance outcomes.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study suggests that the likelihood of substance initiation did not differ according to medication status.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“The percentage of children with ADHD treated with stimulant medication (number who received medication/total number of children with ADHD) was negatively associated with pooled effect size (t = −4.25, P =.003, adjusted R2 = 89.05).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MODERATORS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggested comparable outcomes between children with and without cation treatment history for any substance use and abuse or dependence outcome across all substance types.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“Across 5 types of substance (ie, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine, and nonspecific drugs) for lifetime use and abuse or dependence, results indicated that substance outcomes were comparable to those individuals who did and did not receive medication.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > Abstract > Results:
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
In the paper
“For nicotine use, after the removal of Huss,32 the effect sizes were no longer significantly heterogeneous (Q = 4.29, P =.12).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > LEAVE-ONE-OUT SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huss,32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When both moderators were in the same model, only the percentage treated remained a significant predictor of between-study variance.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MODERATORS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No single study unduly influenced the OR estimates of the association between stimulant medication treatment and alcohol abuse or dependence (pooled OR estimates, 0.70–0.96; all 95% CIs included 1).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > LEAVE-ONE-OUT SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, as the number of years between initial assessment and the substance use follow-up assessment increased, ORs were larger (t = −4.25, P =.003, adjusted R2 = 28.91).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MODERATORS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The present findings do not support the sensitization hypothesis7,34 as an additional factor in the decision-making process in the treatment of ADHD”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“First, although the current meta-analysis improved substantially on the heuristic meta-analysis of Wilens et al,12 it is still relatively modest in terms of the number of studies included.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“These findings diverge from the only meta-analysis on this topic conducted 10 years ago in which stimulant treatment for ADHD significantly reduced later substance problems.12”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects model estimated comparable odds of marijuana abuse or dependence for children who did vs did not receive medication (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.59−1.59; P =.87); however, significant heterogeneity was observed across the studies (Q = 15.68, P=.047).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MARIJUANA
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analysis found that children who did and did not receive medication treatment were comparable in alcohol use (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.61−1.62; P =.97), and no significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (Q = 2.82, P =.42).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > ALCOHOL
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects regression estimated that children with or without medication treatment were largely comparable to alcohol abuse or dependence (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.46−1.38; P =.42), although significant variability was seen in effect sizes (Q = 33.87, P <.001).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > ALCOHOL
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects model estimated that children who received medication treatment were comparable to children who did not receive medication treatment in the development of cocaine abuse or dependence (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.51−2.38; P =.81). No significant heterogeneity in ORs was noted (Q = 8.17, P =.23).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > COCAINE
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When the model was reanalyzed with the study by Wilens et al36 removed, no significant heterogeneity was found, and the estimated effect was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.70−1.44), suggesting that the study by Wilens et al36 contributed to the heterogeneous pooled effect size.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > LEAVE-ONE-OUT SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilens et al36
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects model for all studies estimated that children who received medication treatment were comparable to those who did not (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.51−1.40; P =.52), although once again significant heterogeneity was observed (Q = 15.99, P =.01).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > NONSPECIFIC DRUG
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects model estimated that children with ADHD who received stimulant medication were largely comparable to children not treated with stimulant medication, although the precision of the estimate is limited (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.73−3.30; P =.26). However, there was evidence of significant heterogeneity (Q = 10.72, P =.01).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > NICOTINE
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For marijuana abuse or dependence, pooled OR estimates ranged from 0.96 to 1.23, and all 95% CIs included 1. The effect size was no longer heterogeneous (P >.05) after the individual removal of 3 studies.27,32,35”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > LEAVE-ONE-OUT SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects model estimated that children with a history of stimulant medication treatment were comparable to those without (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.68−1.50; P =.95). No significant heterogeneity was observed (Q = 1.85, P =.60).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MARIJUANA
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results were largely consistent with the above analyses, and in all cases the 95% CI included 1.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > PUBLICATION BIAS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects model for all studies estimated that children with ADHD who received stimulant medication were similar to children who did not receive stimulant medication in the likelihood of ever having used a nonspecific drug (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.88−1.82; P =.52). No significant heterogeneity was detected across the 3 studies (Q = 0.39, P =.82).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > NONSPECIFIC DRUG
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant publication bias was found for all other substance outcomes.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > PUBLICATION BIAS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Notably, the same study36 removed during the sensitivity analysis appeared to be driving this sex effect.”
- Also stated in: § MODERATORS · plain
“When we reanalyzed the percentage of male participants without the study by Wilens et al,36 sex was no longer associated with effect size (t =−0.02, P =.99).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MODERATORS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wilens et al,36
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § MODERATORS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall random-effects model estimated that children who received stimulant medication were comparable to children who did not receive medication treatment in developing later nicotine dependence (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.90−1.99; P =.15). No significant heterogeneity was observed (Q = 7.87, P =.16).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > NICOTINE
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bias statistic from the Egger test for marijuana use had a modest association (t = −4.00, P =.06) because the largest study reported a relatively larger effect (stimulant medication treatment was associated with higher rates of ever having used marijuana) than the 3 other studies.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > PUBLICATION BIAS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects model estimated that children treated with stimulant medication may have higher odds of having used cocaine compared with those who did not receive stimulant medication, but the precision of the estimate is limited, and the 95% CI included 1 (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 0.87−5.65; P =.10). No significant heterogeneity was observed (Q = 3.27, P=.20).”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > COCAINE
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sensitivity analysis for nonspecific drug abuse or dependence found pooled OR estimates ranged from 0.76 to 1.01, and all 95% CIs included 1. The effect sizes were no longer heterogeneous (P >.05) after the removal of one study.36”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > LEAVE-ONE-OUT SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results provide an important update and suggest that treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant cation neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“The present findings do not support the sensitization hypothesis7,34 as an additional factor in the decision-making process in the treatment of ADHD, although, importantly, the present findings do not support the role of a protective effect for medication treatment for ADHD in both substance use initiation or substance use disorders across a number of substance types.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > Abstract > Conclusions:
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
In the paper
“Given that medication treatment may be biased toward more severe cases,45 the present findings may indeed represent a protective effect if the group treated with stimulant medication had forgone that medication and developed substance use problems at a higher rate.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the proportion of those with ADHD who received stimulant medication increased, the OR decreased significantly. In other words, studies with a smaller proportion of individuals treated with stimulant medication were more likely to have those youth meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > RESULTS > MODERATORS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crucially, findings from the current meta-analysis, based on a larger sample of studies (including several unpublished studies), suggest no increased or reduced risk of treatment with stimulant medication on later alcohol and substance outcomes and that this pattern was robust to all substance types.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these efforts resulted in the addition of several studies with unpublished data, several investigators did not respond to or declined these requests.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the inference that stimulant medication treatment is unrelated to later substance outcomes is based on correlational data. That is, in the absence of random assignment to different treatment groups (eg, with and without stimulant medication), observed group differences may reflect unmeasured confounds.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fourth, the issue of comorbidity in ADHD is likely to be salient15 Several studies included in the meta-analysis characterized comorbidity among ADHD probands, but few compared whether substance use outcomes based on stimulant medication status differed by comorbidity status or type.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to thoroughly assess the potential role of age of medication use onset, along with other important and relevant medication-related information thoroughly (type of medication, dosages, medication discontinuation, and treatment adherence) and, importantly, current treatment status.”
§ Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, in the meta-analysis of 15 longitudinal studies by Humphreys et al. (2013), the studies on ADHD-children with and without stimulant medication showed inconsistent outcomes with positive, neutral, and negative outcomes, but overall, they had a similar risk of developing SUD later in life [55].”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, follow-up data from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and a meta-analysis showed no medication associations with substance use or problems (16, 17).”
From ADHD Medication and Substance-Related Problems (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“At the same time, conclusions from observational studies have been constrained by the possibility of confounding from differences between patients who are and are not treated pharmacologically (i.e., confounding by indication) (16).”
From ADHD Medication and Substance-Related Problems (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1,300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1,100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Humphreys et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this review did not consider possible differences in ADHD-severity and comorbid CD between ADHD children that were or were not treated with stimulants.”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The overall nicotine-use Q statistic has two values
MinorThe nicotine-use results report Q = 10.72, but the sensitivity analysis calls Q = 1.55 the overall meta-analysis estimate. The latter appears to confuse the reported odds ratio, 1.55, with Q.
“However, there was evidence of significant heterogeneity (Q = 10.72, P =.01).”
“the overall estimate from the meta-analysis (Q = 1.55)”
Follow-up moderator direction conflicts with its negative t statistic
MinorThe paper says that longer follow-up was associated with larger odds ratios, but reports a negative t statistic for that moderator. For the stated direction of the association, the statistic should have the opposite sign.
“as the number of years between initial assessment and the substance use follow-up assessment increased, ORs were larger”
“(t = −4.25, P =.003, adjusted R2 = 28.91)”
Citations
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2005) · doi:10.3998/2027.42/146530 · Cited by 1,771
Imaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Baler, R., & Telang, F. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.022 · Cited by 988 · cited 1×
“Dopamine neurotransmission is featured prominently incurrentmodelsof stimulantmedication and substance use disorders.(8) Nonhuman animal studies(9,10) have implicated methylphenidate administration to a later preference for cocaine.”
BackgroundADHD Comorbidity Findings From the MTA Study: Comparing Comorbid Subgroups
JENSEN, P. S., HINSHAW, S. P., KRAEMER, H. C., LENORA, N., NEWCORN, J. H., ABIKOFF, H. B., MARCH, J. S., ARNOLD, L. E., CANTWELL, D. P., CONNERS, C. K., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00009 · Cited by 974
Greenhill, L. L., Pliszka, S., & Dulcan, M. K. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200202001-00003 · Cited by 927
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006 · Cited by 875 · cited 1×
“Moreover, this effect was evident for nicotine and cocaine abuse or dependence, a particularly important consideration given that these outcomes were particularly sensitive to early ADHD in a recent meta-analysis.(38) These findings diverge from the only meta-analysis on this topic conducted 10 years ago in which stim…”
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Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545
“A meta-analysis found that stimulants did not increase the risk for alcohol (11 studies, over 1300 participants, nicotine (6 studies, 884 participants), cocaine (7 studies, 950 participants), or cannabis abuse or dependence (9 studies, over 1100 participants) (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., Perou, R., & Blumberg, S. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001 · Cited by 1,263
“There has been concern and conflicting evidence about the risk of ADHD medication use and later substance use disorders among adolescents and young adults(41-43); however, a recent meta-analysis of this research suggests that ADHD medication neither protects against nor increases the risk of substance use disorders.(4…”
Humphreys, K. L., LeMoult, J., Wear, J. G., Piersiak, H. A., Lee, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361 · Cited by 640
“These moderators were selected on the basis of both recommendations from experts in meta-analysis (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001) and of prior work by the authors (Humphreys, Eng, & Lee, 2013; LeMoult et al., 2019; Muscatell, Humphreys, & Brosso, 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationMisuse of Stimulant Medication Among College Students: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-analysis
Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z · Cited by 328
“While there is meta-analytic evidence that stimulant medication in itself does not increase risk for substance use disorders (Humphreys et al. 2013) and the use of stimulant medication to treat ADHD may even reduce drug use (Schoenfelder et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis.
Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.004 · Cited by 335
Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Chan, E., Fogler, J. M., & Hammerness, P. G. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5453 · Cited by 261
Zulauf, C. A., Sprich, S. E., Safren, S. A., & Wilens, T. E. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0436-6 · Cited by 214
Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D'Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12164 · Cited by 225
“In this report, we have investigated almost 40,000 individuals with ADHD over 4 years, and found no indication of increased substance abuse at follow-up, which is consistent with a recent meta-analysis (Humphreys et al., 2013).”
Overdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Kazda, L., Bell, K., Thomas, R., McGeechan, K., Sims, R., & Barratt, A. L. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5335 · Cited by 255
ADHD Medication and Substance-Related Problems
Quinn, P. D., Chang, Z., Hur, K., Gibbons, R. D., Lahey, B. B., Rickert, M. E., Sjölander, A., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & D’Onofrio, B. M. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16060686 · Cited by 187
Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722 · Cited by 186
“…peer relations, and coping skills, is that stimulant medication, the most commonly used and widely available treatment for ADHD (American Academy of Pediatrics 2011), has not been shown to protect against the development of substance use and disorder (Humphreys et al. 2013, Molina et al. 2013).”
BackgroundCrunelle, C., van den Brink, W., Moggi, F., Konstenius, M., Franck, J., Levin, F., van de Glind, G., Demetrovics, Z., Coetzee, C., Luderer, M., et al. (2018) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000487767 · Cited by 150
Chang, Z., Ghirardi, L., Quinn, P. D., Asherson, P., D’Onofrio, B. M., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.009 · Cited by 175
“Clinical follow-up studies suggest that ADHD medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders (89, 90), whereas pharmacoepidemiology studies based on prescription databases have found that ADHD medication was associated with lower risk of substance-related events up to three years la…”
Barbaresi, W. J., Campbell, L. A., Diekroger, E. A., Froehlich, T. E., Liu, Y. H., O'Malley, E., Pelham, W. E., Power, T. J., Zinner, S. H., & Chan, E. (2020) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000770 · Cited by 162
“157,162 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Coexisting Substance Use Disorder Children and adolescents with ADHD are at higher risk than unaffected peers for developing SUD.”
InfluentialADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity
Bélanger, S. A., Andrews, D., Gray, C., & Korczak, D. J. (2018) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxy109 · Cited by 158
“A recent meta-analysis (60) found that stimulant treatment neither contributed to nor prevented future SUDs in youth with ADHD.”
BackgroundChen, M., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Bai, Y., Ko, N., Su, T., Li, C., Lin, W.-C., Tsai, S., Pan, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.438 · Cited by 120
Man, K. K. C., Häge, A., Banaschewski, T., Inglis, S. K., Buitelaar, J. K., Carucci, S., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R., Falissard, B., Garas, P., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00042-1 · Cited by 91
Schrantee, A., Tamminga, H. G. H., Bouziane, C., Bottelier, M. A., Bron, E. E., Mutsaerts, H.-J. M. M., Zwinderman, A. H., Groote, I. R., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Lindauer, R. J. L., et al. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1572 · Cited by 77
Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with co-morbid drug dependence
Cunill, R., Castells, X., Tobias, A., & Capellà, D. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114544777 · Cited by 78
“These results may be added to recently published studies showing that pharmacological treatment of ADHD patients does not protect them from the development of future SUD (Humphreys et al., 2013; Molina et al., 2013).”
ResultHadland, S. E., Knight, J. R., & Harris, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000129 · Cited by 76
Calipari, E. S., Ferris, M. J., Salahpour, A., Caron, M. G., & Jones, S. R. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3720 · Cited by 72
Topical Review: ADHD and Health-Risk Behaviors: Toward Prevention and Health Promotion
Schoenfelder, E. N., & Kollins, S. H. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv162 · Cited by 70
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Leung, A. K. C., & Hon, K. E. (2016) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.017 · Cited by 69
Causal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review
van Amsterdam, J., van der Velde, B., Schulte, M. H. J., & van den Brink, W. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066 · Cited by 70
“Moreover, the negative results obtained by Humphreys et al. (2013), implying that treatment of ADHD with stimulants and the related reduction in ADHD symptoms do not diminish smoking and nicotine dependence, argue against a role of ADHD symptoms as risk factor of smoking in ADHD.”
BackgroundTraffic Crashes, Violations, and Suspensions Among Young Drivers With ADHD
Curry, A. E., Yerys, B. E., Metzger, K. B., Carey, M. E., & Power, T. J. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2305 · Cited by 62
“improve driving performance for drivers with ADHD(28,29) (and thus is a primary recommendation to families(30)), there is not firm evidence that medication reduces adolescents’ engagement in certain risky behaviors.(31) In addition, there are serious medication adherence issues in adolescence, and our previous study r…”
BackgroundWang, P., Zhang, X., Fu, T., Li, S., Li, B., Xue, W., Yao, X., Chen, Y., & Zhu, F. (2017) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00173 · Cited by 60
Impulsivity and Vulnerability to Psychopathology
Neuhaus, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258932.ch6 · Cited by 65
Bisagno, V., González, B., & Urbano, F. J. (2016) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.013 · Cited by 59
Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis
Schoenfelder, E. N., Faraone, S. V., & Kollins, S. H. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0179 · Cited by 55
Guanfacine Extended Release: A New Pharmacological Treatment Option in Europe
Huß, M., Chen, W., & Ludolph, A. G. (2015) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-015-0336-0 · Cited by 60
“By inference and despite a meta-analysis that demonstrated no association between stimulant use and increased SUD risks [213], GXR could provide a useful additional treatment option for patients who are at particularly high risk of SUD, unable to abstain from substance misuse despite stimulant treatment, or those with…”
Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad
Cunill, R., & Cervelló, X. C. (2014) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2014.02.025 · Cited by 65
Considerations in the Use of Stimulants in Sport
Reardon, C. L., & Factor, R. M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0456-y · Cited by 54
“However, the literature on this is mixed [22].”
BackgroundElkins, I. J., Saunders, G., Malone, S. M., Keyes, M. A., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.011 · Cited by 60
Özgen, M. H., Spijkerman, R., Noack, M., Holtmann, M. H., Schellekens, A., van de Glind, G., Banaschewski, T., Barta, C., Begeman, A., Casas, M., et al. (2020) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000508385 · Cited by 57
Steinhausen, H.-C., & Bisgaard, C. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.003 · Cited by 49
Treatment-refractory substance use disorder: focus on alcohol, opioids, and cocaine
Soyka, M., & Mutschler, J. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.003 · Cited by 49
“In contrast to other psychiatric disorders, “treatment-refractory” SUDs have no clear or operationalized definition.”
ResultInfluentialGroenman, A. P., Schweren, L. J. S., Dietrich, A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1301928 · Cited by 46
“affect the development of SUDs or nicotine dependence [77].”
BackgroundChallenges of Treating ADHD with Comorbid Substance Use Disorder: Considerations for the Clinician
Barbuti, M., Maiello, M., Spera, V., Pallucchini, A., Brancati, G., Maremmani, A., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093096 · Cited by 47
Pediatric pharmacoepidemiology - safety and effectiveness of medicines for ADHD
Clavenna, A., & Bonati, M. R. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1389894 · Cited by 56
The use of stimulant medications for non-core aspects of ADHD and in other disorders
Sinita, E., & Coghill, D. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.014 · Cited by 43
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students
Murkett, K., Smart, W., & Nugent, K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s64136 · Cited by 59
Grucza, R. A., Krueger, R. F., Arpana Agrawal, A., Plunk, A. D., Krauss, M. J., Bongu, J., Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., & Bierut, L. J. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002999 · Cited by 46
Neurobehavioral changes arising from early life dopamine signaling perturbations
Areal, L. B., & Blakely, R. (2020) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104747 · Cited by 45
“Indeed, a recent meta-analysis and a multimodal treatment study concluded that stimulant treatment for ADHD initiated in childhood neither protects nor increases the risk for SUD (Humphreys et al., 2013; Molina et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialVillemonteix, T., Brito, S. D., Kavec, M., Baleriaux, D., Metens, T., Slama, H., Baijot, S., Mary, A., Peigneux, P., & Massat, I. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.015 · Cited by 45
“In humans, most studies seem to find no or possibly protective effects of ADHD medication on substance abuse (Humphreys et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDavis, C., Cohen, A., Davids, M., & Rabindranath, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00047 · Cited by 48
Cousijn, J., Núñez, A. E., & Filbey, F. M. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14084 · Cited by 41
“[27,28]), many epidemiological studies grouped light and heavy users into an ‘ever’ user category.”
Association Between Stimulant Treatment and Substance Use Through Adolescence Into Early Adulthood.
Molina, B. S. G., Kennedy, T. M., Howard, A. L., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Mitchell, J. T., Stehli, A., Kennedy, E. H., Epstein, J. N., Hechtman, L. T., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157 · Cited by 42
Jordan, C. J., Harvey, R. C., Baskin, B. B., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.020 · Cited by 38
Mattingly, G. W., Wilson, J. A., Ugarte, L., & Glaser, P. E. A. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001822 · Cited by 44
“Major depressive disorder prevalence increases with age,183 ultimately affecting about 19% of adults with ADHD.8 Additionally, young people with ADHD may experience depression more often when confronted with life stress than people without ADHD.184 With mild or moderate cases of depression, treatment of ADHD should be…”
BackgroundInfluentialGroenman, A. P., Schweren, L. J. S., Weeda, W., Luman, M., Noordermeer, S. D. S., Heslenfeld, D. J., Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., Rommelse, N., Hartman, C. A., et al. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01283-y · Cited by 36
Lévy, E., Traicu, A., Iyer, S. N., MALLA, A. K., & Joober, R. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 35
Increased Risk of Smoking in Female Adolescents Who Had Childhood ADHD
Elkins, I. J., Saunders, G. R. B., Malone, S. M., Keyes, M. A., Samek, D. R., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010009 · Cited by 33
Tsai, F., Tseng, W., Yang, L.-K., & Gau, S. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211873 · Cited by 38
Somkuwar, S. S., Kantak, K. M., Bardo, M. T., & Dwoskin, L. P. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.002 · Cited by 34
“…or early adolescence may increase the risk of substance use disorder in adulthood (Mannuzza, Klein et al. 2008, Dalsgaard, Mortensen et al. 2014), which is not an outcome associated with MPH treatment initiated earlier in childhood (Humphreys, Eng et al. 2013, Molina, Hinshaw et al. 2013).”
Molina, B. S. G., Walther, C. A. P., Cheong, J., Pedersen, S. L., Gnagy, E. M., & Pelham, W. E. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0035656 · Cited by 36
Parents’ Perspectives About Factors Influencing Adherence to Pharmacotherapy for ADHD
Ahmed, R. A., Borst, J., Wei, Y. C., & Aslani, P. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713499231 · Cited by 33
Pagán, A. F., Huizar, Y. P., Short, T. R., Gotcher, Z., & Schmidt, A. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4 · Cited by 31
Özgen, H., Spijkerman, R., Noack, M., Holtmann, M., Schellekens, A., Dalsgaard, S., van den Brink, W., & Hendriks, V. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10173908 · Cited by 27
Howard, A. L., Kennedy, T. M., Mitchell, J. T., Sibley, M. H., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Roy, A., Stehli, A., Swanson, J. M., & Molina, B. S. G. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000542 · Cited by 29
Approach to Evaluating and Managing Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care
Huang, H. Y., Huang, H., Spottswood, M., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000248 · Cited by 26
“Although an earlier review of the literature suggested that stimulant treatment for childrenwith ADHD is protective against the development of SUDs in later life,(56) a more recent meta-analysis has shown that stimulant exposure for this population neither increases nor decreases the risk for SUDs in adulthood.(57)”
ResultIvanov, I., Bjork, J. M., Blair, J., & Newcorn, J. H. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104575 · Cited by 26
Young, S., Abbasian, C., Al‐Attar, Z., Branney, P., Colley, B., Cortese, S., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hill, P., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84 · Cited by 27
Peles, E., Schreiber, S., Linzy, S., Domany, Y., & Adelson, M. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.12.010 · Cited by 23
Jordan, C. J., Taylor, D. M., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.017 · Cited by 23
Exploring five common assumptions on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Batstra, L., Nieweg, E. H., & Hadders-Algra, M. (2014) · Acta paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12642 · Cited by 26
“A recent meta-analysis confirmed that treatment of ADHD with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders (26).”
Baskin, B. M., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.019 · Cited by 20
“Consistent with this view are clinical findings showing the later that twice-daily methylphenidate treatment begins in pediatric ADHD patients, the greater the risk of developing SUD during adulthood (Mannuza et al., 2008).”
ResultInfluentialO’Connor, L., Carbone, S., Gobbo, A., Gamble, H., & Faraone, S. V. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2249414 · Cited by 24
“use of medications for ADHD neither protects nor increases the risk for substance use disorders [56].”
BackgroundADHD Medication Trends in Turkey: 2009-2013
Öner, Ö., Yılmaz, E. Ş., Karadağ, H., Vural, M., Vural, E. H., Akbulat, A., Gürsöz, H., Türkçapar, M. H., & Kerman, S. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714523129 · Cited by 22
Was wird aus Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Störungen?
Steinhausen, H. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000258 · Cited by 17
Belendiuk, K. A., Pedersen, S. L., King, K. M., Pelham, W. E., & Molina, B. S. G. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000117 · Cited by 19
Jordan, C., Lemay, C., Dwoskin, L., & Kantak, K. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4419-2 · Cited by 21
“…effects of stimulant medications has shifted over the years, with the most recent meta-analysis and another broadly conducted study in ADHD patients concluding that stimulant medication in childhood neither protects against nor increases later SUD risk (Humphreys et al. 2013; Molina et al. 2013).”
ResultUnderstanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention
Camp, A., Pastrano, A., Gómez, V., Stephenson, K., Delatte, W., Perez, B., Syas, H., & Guiseppi‐Elie, A. (2021) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering8050056 · Cited by 16
“However, a meta-analysis from previously completed longitudinal studies on substance abuse for children who used stimulants for ADHD treatments versus children who did not use stimulants indicated that ADHD stimulant usage as a child did not increase or decrease the likelihood for ADHD patients to later develop substa…”
BackgroundSchrantee, A., Bouziane, C., Bron, E. E., Klein, S., Bottelier, M. A., Kooij, J. J. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Reneman, L. (2017) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-017-9707-x · Cited by 16
What we do not know about ADHD… yet
Kiely, B. T., & ADESMAN, A. R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000229 · Cited by 16
“Children with ADHD are at an increased risk of abusing drugs and alcohol during adolescence and adulthood [70,71].”
BackgroundComorbidity of addictive problems: Assessment and treatment implications
Essau, C. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818626-8.00011-6 · Cited by 15
Ponnou, S., Haliday, H., & Gonon, F. (2019) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459319831331 · Cited by 15
“However, convergent pieces of evidence show that psychostimulant medication does not decrease the long-term risks associated with ADHD, namely academic underachievement, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior (Currie et al., 2014; Humphreys et al., 2013; Sharpe, 2014).”
BackgroundLange, K. W. (2017) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/mnhd.4 · Cited by 15
Hogue, A., Evans, S. W., & LEVIN, F. R. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2017.1305930 · Cited by 16
“Others caution that longitudinal studies have not yet fully accounted for important moderating factors such as age of first medication use, medication compliance and duration, ADHD severity, and presence of psychiatric comorbidities (see Humphreys et al., 2013).”
BackgroundStimulants, cognition and ADHD
Baroni, A., & Castellanos, F. X. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.010 · Cited by 14
“A prior meta-analysis (N = 2565) showed that stimulant treatment was neither protective nor harmful in relationship to future substance use [38].”
BackgroundCook, J., Lloyd-Jones, M., Arunogiri, S., Ogden, E., & Bonomo, Y. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417714878 · Cited by 13
“There is evidence that treatment of childhood ADHD with stimulants may reduce the risk of development of later substance use disorder, although results are mixed (Humphreys et al., 2013; Wilens et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCarolan, D. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02502-1 · Cited by 14
Westover, A. N., Nakonezny, P. A., Halm, E. A., & Adinoff, B. H. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14122 · Cited by 13
Corona, R., Dvorsky, M. R., Romo, S., Parks, A. M., Bourchtein, E., Smith, Z. R., Avila, M., & Langberg, J. M. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00689-6 · Cited by 13
Cornell, H., Lin, T. T., & Anderson, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2018.1432446 · Cited by 13
The Co-Occurrence of ADHD and Substance Use Disorders
Wilens, T. E., & Kaminski, T. A. (2018) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20180613-01 · Cited by 14
Le TDAH chez les enfants et les adolescents, partie 1 : l’étiologie, le diagnostic et la comorbidité
Bélanger, S. A., Andrews, D., Gray, C., & Korczak, D. J. (2018) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxy110 · Cited by 21
Hogue, A., Bobek, M., Tau, G. Z., & Levin, F. (2014) · Child & family behavior therapy (Print) · doi:10.1080/07317107.2014.967631 · Cited by 13
Upadhyay, N., Chen, H., Mgbere, O. O., Bhatara, V. S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1273955 · Cited by 12
“It is likely that the conclusions of these previous studies are biased because the association between ADHD subtypes and substance use is not directly interpretable given the significant influence of pharmacotherapy on the risk of substance use (Faraone & Wilens, 2003; Humphreys et al., 2013; Riggs, 2014; Wilens et al…”
BackgroundGenome-wide association study of stimulant dependence
Cox, J. W., Sherva, R., Wetherill, L. F., Foroud, T., Edenberg, H. J., Kranzler, H. R., Gelernter, J. E., & Farrer, L. A. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01440-5 · Cited by 12
Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms
Taylor, M. R., Carrasco, K., Carrasco, A. E., & Basu, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.845646 · Cited by 11
ADHS bei erwachsenen Patienten mit Substanzkonsumstörungen
Luderer, M., Kiefer, F., Reif, A., & Moggi, F. (2019) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-019-0779-2 · Cited by 11
Does psychostimulant treatment in children with ADHD increase later risk of substance use disorder?
Purgato, M., & Cortese, S. (2014) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796014000146 · Cited by 11
“This finding is at odds with a recent meta-analysis of 15 longitudinal studies reporting that ADHD-T children did not differ from ADHD-NT on any subsequent SUD outcome (Humphreys et al. 2013).”
ResultHogue, A., Horan Fisher, J., Dauber, S., Bobek, M., Porter, N., Henderson, C. E., & Evans, S. W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1716362 · Cited by 10
Is depression one thing or many?
Amerio, A., Odone, A., Marchesi, C., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.204.6.488 · Cited by 9
Rising Stimulant Overdoses Among Young People in the United States
Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-031526 · Cited by 9
Ivanov, I., Schulz, K. P., Li, X., & Newcorn, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0175 · Cited by 10
“While the majority of research to date has found stimulants to have no effect (Humphreys et al. 2013) or even protective effects (Quinn et al. 2017), a few reports have found a positive link between stimulant treatment and later substance use (e.g., Lambert and Hartsough 1998), particularly when…”
BackgroundAn updated safety review of the current drugs for managing ADHD in children
Ryst, E., & Childress, A. C. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2271392 · Cited by 8
Weed, E. D. (2016) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217416636561 · Cited by 10
“A more recent meta-analysis of 15 longitudinal studies, though, found that although substance use was not related to stimulant medication treatment, outcomes did not improve for children with ADHD taking stimulant medication versus children with ADHD not taking stimulants.(31) A similar conclusion was drawn from the f…”
ResultPharmacological treatments for ADHD
Parker, C. (2013) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.289 · Cited by 6
Skutle, A., Bu, E. T. H., Jellestad, F. K., Oortmerssen, K. V. E., Dom, G., Verspreet, S., Carpentier, P. J., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Franck, J., Konstenius, M., et al. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.03.001 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Humphreys, K. L., Eng, T., & Lee, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Humphreys, Kathryn L.
- Lee, Steve S.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 740
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6688478
- OpenAlex
- W2151244707
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 15.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R03AA020186)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- stimulant medication, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders, substance abuse, substance dependence, alcohol consumption, cocaine use, cannabis use, nicotine use, iatrogenic disease, lifetime substance use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Odds Ratio, Substance-Related Disorders
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