The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Working memory skills and educational attainment: evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age
Abstract
The relationship between working memory skills and performance on national curriculum assessments in English, mathematics and science was explored in groups of children aged 7 and 14 years. At 7 years, children's levels of attainment in both English and mathematics were significantly associated with working memory scores, and in particular with performance on complex span tasks. At 14 years, strong links persisted between the complex working memory test scores and attainments levels in both mathematics and science, although ability in the English assessments showed no strong association with working memory skill. The results suggest that the intellectual operations required in the curriculum areas of mathematics and science are constrained by the general capacity of working memory across the childhood years. However, whereas success in the acquisition in literacy (tapped by the English assessments at the youngest age) was also linked with working memory capacity, achievements in the higher‐level skills of comprehension and analysis of English literature assessed at 14 years were independent of working memory capacity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?
Baddeley, A. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01538-2 · Cited by 7,359 · cited 1×
“Logie, 1995). A further subcomponent of working memory recently identified by Baddeley (2000) is the episodic buffer.”
BackgroundThe magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
The phonological loop as a language learning device.
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.158 · Cited by 2,199
Self-citationBull, R., & Scerif, G. (2001) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn1903_3 · Cited by 1,501 · cited 3×
“It has also been found that children with poor mathematical abilities show deficits in complex working memory span tasks (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; Siegel & Ryan, 1989).”
BackgroundLogie, R. H. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315804743 · Cited by 933
The Development of Working Memory in Normally Achieving and Subtypes of Learning Disabled Children
Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131037 · Cited by 842
Reducing Bias in Language Assessment: Processing-Dependent Measures
Campbell, T., Dollaghan, C., Needleman, H., & Janosky, J. (1997) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4003.519 · Cited by 310
Working Memory Deficits of Reading Disabled Children
de Jong, P. F. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2451 · Cited by 306
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- 10.1006/jecp.1997.2397 · DOI · Paper page
- Baddeley A. D., 1986, Working memory
- Baddeley A. D., 1998, Random generation and the executive control of memory, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 819, 10.1080/713755788 · doi:10.1080/713755788 · Paper page
- 10.1037/10315-002 · DOI
- 10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1101 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0022-0965(82)90054-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0749-596X(86)90018-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0749-596X(89)90044-2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02371.x · DOI · Paper page
- Gathercole S. E., 1996, The children's test of nonword repetition
- 10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.966 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1348/000709900158047 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.377 · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.377 · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-8527.00225 · DOI
- Geary D. C., 1991, Cognitive addition: a short longitudinal study of strategy choice and speed‐of‐processing differences in normal and mathematically disabled children, Developmental Psychology, 47, 175
- 10.1006/jecp.2000.2561 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/jecp.1999.2515 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02406.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-0663.87.1.93 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-9817.00069 · DOI
- 10.3758/BF03200866 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/jecp.1999.2516 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1006/jecp.1999.2525 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-9817.1986.tb00115.x · DOI
- 10.1006/jecp.2000.2626 · DOI · Paper page
- Pickering S. J., 2001, Working memory test battery for children
- 10.1080/14640749208401314 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-9817.00070 · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.00070
- 10.1111/1467-9817.00065 · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.00065
- 10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.128 · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.128 · Paper page
- Tymms P., 1999, Baseline assessment and monitoring in primary schools
Cited by
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
Baddeley, A. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 · Cited by 4,271
Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1204529 · Cited by 2,901
Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000901 · Cited by 1,864
Bull, R., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640801982312 · Cited by 1,544
Metadata
- Authors
- Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C., & Stegmann, Z.
- Venue
- Applied Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-10-31
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 0888-4080 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0720
- OpenAlex
- W2016212209
- Cited by
- 947
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 17.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Working memory skills and educational attainment: evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/acp.934
- The paper
- Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C., & Stegmann, Z. (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.934
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.