Microbiome, inflammation, epigenetic alterations, and mental diseases
Open accessAbstract
Major mental diseases such as autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder are debilitating illnesses with complex etiologies. Recent findings show that the onset and development of these illnesses cannot be well described by the one-gene; one-disease approach. Instead, their clinical presentation is thought to result from the regulative interplay of a large number of genes. Even though the involvement of many genes are likely, up regulating and activation or down regulation and silencing of these genes by the environmental factors play a crucial role in contributing to their pathogenesis. Much of this interplay may be moderated by epigenetic changes. Similar to genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference can influence gene expression and therefore may cause behavioral and neuronal changes observed in mental disorders. Environmental factors such as diet, gut microbiota, and infections have significant role in these epigenetic modifications. Studies show that bioactive nutrients and gut microbiota can alter either DNA methylation and histone signatures through a variety of mechanisms. Indeed, microbes within the human gut may play a significant role in the regulation of various elements of "gut-brain axis," via their influence on inflammatory cytokines and production of antimicrobial peptides that affect the epigenome through their involvement in generating short chain fatty acids, vitamin synthesis, and nutrient absorption. In addition, they may participate in-gut production of many common neurotransmitters. In this review we will consider the potential interactions of diet, gastrointestinal microbiome, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations in psychiatric disorders.
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The microbiota influences the epigenome through short-chain fatty acid synthesis, vitamin synthesis, and nutrient absorption.
“They influence the epigenome through short-chain fatty acid synthesis, vitamin synthesis, and nutrient absorption [86].”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
The influence of the microbiota on the development of oral and systemic diseases is determined by its ability to influence the release of inflammatory cytokines and the production of antimicrobial peptides.
“The influence of the microbiota on the development of various diseases, oral and systemic, is determined by its ability to influence the release of inflammatory cytokines and the production of antimicrobial peptides.”
From A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
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Lankelma, J. M., Belzer, C., Hoogendijk, A. J., de Vos, A. F., de Vos, W. M., van der Poll, T., & Wiersinga, W. J. (2016) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ctg.2016.43 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Percutaneous Radio-frequency Ablation Therapy Using a Clustered Electrode for Malignant Liver Tumors
Horigome, H., Nomura, T., Nakao, H., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-200105000-00012 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Unravelling immune alterations in schizophrenia: can DNA methylation provide clues?
Frydecka, D., Karpiński, P., & Misiak, B. (2014) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.14.26 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pathogenic histone modifications in schizophrenia are targets for therapy
Abdolmaleky, H., & Thiagalingam, S. (2021) · Epigenetics in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417114-5.00011-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, & Ruiz P (2009). Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, vol. I. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
Angelucci, F., Cechova, K., Amlerova, J., & Hort, J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1494-4 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Srikantha, P., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092115 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease
Caputi, V., & Giron, M. C. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061689 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Rosenblat, J., & McIntyre, R. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7110144 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Chidambaram, S. B., Essa, M. M., Rathipriya, A. G., Bishir, M., Ray, B., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Tousif, A. H., Sakharkar, M. K., Kashyap, R. S., Friedland, R. P., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Kong, X.-J., Liu, J., Liu, K., Koh, M., Sherman, H., Liu, S., Tian, R., Sukijthamapan, P., Wang, J., Fong, M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051552 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E. M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., & Isola, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122426 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Psychopharmacological advances in eating disorders
Himmerich, H., & Treasure, J. (2018) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2018.1383895 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Fecal transplant prevents gut dysbiosis and anxiety-like behaviour after spinal cord injury in rats
Schmidt, E. K. A., Torres-Espin, A., Raposo, P. J. F., Madsen, K. L., Kigerl, K. A., Popovich, P. G., Fenrich, K. K., & Fouad, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226128 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Kahl, K. G., Stapel, B., & Frieling, H. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Alam, R., Abdolmaleky, H. M., & Zhou, J.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Alam, Reza
- Venue
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-07-10
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 651-660
- ISSN
- 1552-4841 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-485X
- PMC
- PMC9586840
- OpenAlex
- W2736030625
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R21CA153355)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA interference, inflammation, mental illness, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, diet, short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitter production, antimicrobial peptides
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Inflammation, Epigenomics, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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