Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The depressive state has been characterised as one of elevated inflammation, which holds promise for better understanding treatment-resistance in affective disorders as well as for future developments in treatment stratification. Aiming to investigate alterations in the inflammatory profiles of individuals with depression as putative biomarkers for clinical response, we conducted meta-analyses examining data from 35 studies that investigated inflammation before and after treatment in depressed patients together with a measure of clinical response. There were sufficient data to analyse IL-6, TNFα and CRP. Levels of IL-6 decreased with antidepressant treatment regardless of outcome, whereas persistently elevated TNFα was associated with prospectively determined treatment resistance. Treatment non-responders tended to have higher baseline inflammation, using a composite measure of inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that elevated levels of inflammation are contributory to treatment resistance. Combining inflammatory biomarkers might prove a useful tool to improve diagnosis and detection of treatment refractoriness, and targeting persistent inflammation in treatment-resistant depression may offer a potential target for the development of novel intervention strategies.
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Two recent meta-analyses found different results regarding changes in peripheral levels of immune mediators after antidepressant treatment.
“Furthermore, two recent metaanalysis found different results regarding changes in peripheral levels immune mediators after antidepressant treatment [31,32].”
The largest previous meta-analysis synthesized data from 35 original studies.
“The largest previous metaanalysis synthesized data from 35 original studies [31].”
The previous meta-analysis included several treatments other than antidepressant drugs.
“However, this meta-analysis included several treatments other than antidepressant drugs, as well as participants with bipolar depression, and also included studies in which part of the sample had significant baseline comorbidities [31].”
The previous meta-analysis included participants with bipolar depression.
“However, this meta-analysis included several treatments other than antidepressant drugs, as well as participants with bipolar depression, and also included studies in which part of the sample had significant baseline comorbidities [31].”
The previous meta-analysis included studies in which part of the sample had significant baseline comorbidities.
“However, this meta-analysis included several treatments other than antidepressant drugs, as well as participants with bipolar depression, and also included studies in which part of the sample had significant baseline comorbidities [31].”
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- Authors
- Strawbridge, R., Arnone, D., Danese, A., Papadopoulos, A., Herane Vives, A., & Cleare, A. J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Strawbridge, R.
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1532-1543
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1922605075
- Cited by
- 666
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- depression, inflammation, treatment-resistant depression, antidepressant response, inflammatory markers, interleukin-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Humans, Biomarkers
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