Dementia in Africa: current evidence, knowledge gaps, and future directions
Open accessAbstract
In tandem with the ever‐increasing aging population in low and middle‐income countries, the burden of dementia is rising on the African continent. Dementia prevalence varies from 2.3% to 20.0% and incidence rates are 13.3 per 1000 person‐years with increasing mortality in parts of rapidly transforming Africa. Differences in nutrition, cardiovascular factors, comorbidities, infections, mortality, and detection likely contribute to lower incidence. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–associated neurocognitive disorders are the most common dementia subtypes. Comprehensive longitudinal studies with robust methodology and regional coverage would provide more reliable information. The apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) ε4 allele is most studied but has shown differential effects within African ancestry compared to Caucasian. More candidate gene and genome‐wide association studies are needed to relate to dementia phenotypes. Validated culture‐sensitive cognitive tools not influenced by education and language differences are critically needed for implementation across multidisciplinary groupings such as the proposed African Dementia Consortium.
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- Authors
- Akinyemi, R. O., Yaria, J., Ojagbemi, A., Guerchet, M., Okubadejo, N., Njamnshi, A. K., Sarfo, F. S., Akpalu, A., Ogbole, G., Ayantayo, T., Adokonou, T., Paddick, S., Ndetei, D., Bosche, J., Ayele, B., Damas, A., Coker, M., Mbakile‐Mahlanza, L., Ranchod, K., Bobrow, K., Anazodo, U., Damasceno, A., Seshadri, S., Pericak‐Vance, M., Lawlor, B., Miller, B. L., Owolabi, M., Baiyewu, O., Walker, R., Gureje, O., Kalaria, R. N., Ogunniyi, A., & the African Dementia Consortium (AfDC)
- Affiliations
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Lagos (NG)
- Université de Yaoundé I (CM)
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (GH)
- University of Ghana (GH)
- Université de Parakou (BJ)
- Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (TZ)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- Mirembe Mental Health Hospital Dodoma Tanzania
- University of Botswana (BW)
- Johannesburg Hospital (ZA)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Western University (CA)
- Eduardo Mondlane University (MZ)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
- Corresponding author
- Akinyemi, Rufus O.
- ORCID
- Akinyemi, Rufus O.
- Yaria, Joseph
- Ojagbemi, Akin
- Guerchet, Maëlenn
- Okubadejo, Njideka
- Njamnshi, Alfred K.
- Sarfo, Fred S.
- Akpalu, Albert
- Ogbole, Godwin
- Ayantayo, Temitayo
- Paddick, Stella‐Maria
- Ndetei, David
- Ayele, Biniyam
- Coker, Motunrayo
- Mbakile‐Mahlanza, Lingani
- Ranchod, Kirti
- Bobrow, Kirsten
- Anazodo, Udunna
- Damasceno, Albertino
- Seshadri, Sudha
- Pericak‐Vance, Margaret
- Lawlor, Brian
- Miller, Bruce L.
- Owolabi, Mayowa
- Baiyewu, Olusegun
- Walker, Richard
- Gureje, Oye
- Ogunniyi, Adesola
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-09-27
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 790-809
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC8957626
- OpenAlex
- W3204735627
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U54HG007479, U01HG010273, R01NS107900, AG052409, R01 AG054076)
- Medical Research Council (G0500247)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- dementia, Africa
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Genotype, Humans, Dementia, Vascular, Apolipoprotein E4, Genome-Wide Association Study
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