The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol 6:1‐32, 2016.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis
Celermajer, D. S., Sorensen, K. E., Gooch, V. M., Spiegelhalter, D. J., Miller, O. I., Sullivan, I. D., Lloyd, J. K., & Deanfield, J. E. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f · Cited by 4,742
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Vascular Disease: From Marvel to Menace
Förstermann, U., & Münzel, T. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.602532 · Cited by 1,957
Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.
Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x · Cited by 1,740 · cited 1×
“In humans, a number of studies on the effect of training on skeletal muscle characteristics were originally conducted almost half a century ago, when the skeletal muscle biopsy technique of Bergstrom was introduced to the field of exercise physiology (30,223).”
Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man.
Andersen, P., & Saltin, B. (1985) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015794 · Cited by 1,250
HIF-independent regulation of VEGF and angiogenesis by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α
Arany, Z., Foo, S.-Y., Ma, Y., Ruas, J. L., Bommi-Reddy, A., Girnun, G., Cooper, M., Laznik, D., Chinsomboon, J., Rangwala, S. M., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06613 · Cited by 1,054
Effect of exercise training on endothelium‐derived nitric oxide function in humans
Green, D. J., Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., & Taylor, R. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197 · Cited by 1,040
Cornelissen, V. A., & Fagard, R. H. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000184225.05629.51 · Cited by 1,005 · cited 1×
“in peripheral vascular function (419), sympathetic nervous activity (73, 244, 300), function of the nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoid system (315), and the renin-angiotensin system”
Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes
MORGANROTH, J., MARON, B. J., HENRY, W. L., & EPSTEIN, S. E. (1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-82-4-521 · Cited by 866 · cited 2×
“all differences in cardiac loading with either endurance or strength training lead to different exercise-induced adaptations in cardiac structure was first introduced in 1975 (286).”
Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work
Åstrand, P.-O., Cuddy, T. E., Saltin, B., & Stenberg, J. (1964) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.268 · Cited by 722 · cited 1×
“…intraventricular pressure gradient whereby blood rapidly sucked from the LA into the apex of LV (462). diastolic suction and hence rapid filling of LV is likely to Comprehensive Physiology opposed to less active and sedentary subjects who display a plateau around 40% to 50% of VO 2max (15,132).”
Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle.
Hoppeler, H., Howald, H., Conley, K., Lindstedt, S. L., Claassen, H., Vock, P., & Weibel, E. R. (1985) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.59.2.320 · Cited by 623
Red blood cells in sports: Effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells
Mairbäurl, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00332 · Cited by 482
Singel, D. J., & Stamler, J. S. (2005) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.060603.090918 · Cited by 481
Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data
Wendel-Vos, G. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh168 · Cited by 440
Rowell, L. B., Blackmon, J. R., & Bruce, R. A. (1964) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci105043 · Cited by 394
Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training
Coyle, E. F., Martin, W. H., Sinacore, D. R., Joyner, M. J., Hagberg, J. M., & Holloszy, J. O. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857 · Cited by 364
Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion
Ekblom, B., Goldbarg, A. N., & Gullbring, B. (1972) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.175 · Cited by 346 · cited 1×
“Accordingly, an improvement in V̇O2max and endurance performance (longer exercise time at a given workload, greater mean power output or speed during a time trial) with this intervention has been a general finding (47,102,439,455).”
Eskurza, I., Monahan, K. D., Robinson, J. A., & Seals, D. R. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.057042 · Cited by 341 · cited 1×
“tive substance (106,418), such an effect of oxidative stress on functional sympatholysis is in congruence with the reported”
Angiogenic growth factor mRNA responses in muscle to a single bout of exercise
Breen, E. C., Johnson, E. C., Wagner, H., Tseng, H. M., Sung, L. A., & Wagner, P. D. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.355 · Cited by 302 · cited 2×
“Cross sectional data indicate that endurance athletes have higher (205) or similar (80) number of capillaries around Type I versus around Type II fibers and after high intensity training an unaltered distribution of capillaries around Type I and Type II fibers has been observed (210).”
Exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in never-treated hypertensive patients
Laterza, M. C., de Matos, L. D. N. J., Trombetta, I. C., Braga, A. M. W., Roveda, F., Alves, M. J. N. N., Krieger, E. M., Negrão, C. E., & Rondon, M. U. P. B. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.106.085548 · Cited by 299
Oxidative capacity of human muscle fiber types: effects of age and training status
Proctor, D. N., Sinning, W. E., Walro, J. M., Sieck, G. C., & Lemon, P. W. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.6.2033 · Cited by 283
Jensen, L., Bangsbo, J., & Hellsten, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.057711 · Cited by 281
Self-citationCocks, M., Shaw, C. S., Shepherd, S. O., Fisher, J. P., Ranasinghe, A. M., Barker, T. A., Tipton, K. D., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.239566 · Cited by 226
Coronary artery size and dilating capacity in ultradistance runners
Haskell, W. L., Sims, C., Myll, J., Bortz, W. M., St Goar, F. G., & Alderman, E. L. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1076 · Cited by 193
Exercise training lowers resting renal but not cardiac sympathetic activity in humans.
Meredith, I. T., Friberg, P., Jennings, G. L., Dewar, E. M., Fazio, V. A., Lambert, G. W., & Esler, M. D. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.5.575 · Cited by 189
Catecholamines in coronary sinus during exercise in man before and after training
Cousineau, D., Ferguson, R. J., de Champlain, J., Gauthier, P., Cote, P., & Bourassa, M. (1977) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1977.43.5.801 · Cited by 123
Sympathetic adaptations to one-legged training
Ray, C. A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1583 · Cited by 60
Inhibition of α-adrenergic tone disturbs the distribution of blood flow in the exercising human limb
Heinonen, I., Wendelin-Saarenhovi, M., Kaskinoro, K., Knuuti, J., Scheinin, M., & Kalliokoski, K. K. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2012 · Cited by 59
Cited by
Biology of VO2max: looking under the physiology lamp
Lundby, C., Montero, D., & Joyner, M. (2017) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12827 · Cited by 300
Izquierdo, M., de Souto Barreto, P., Arai, H., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., Coen, P. M., Courneya, K. S., Duque, G., et al. (2025) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401 · Cited by 273
Arnold, J. I., Yogev, A., Nelson, H., van Hooff, M., & Koehle, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1449384 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Hellsten, Y., & Nyberg, M.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-15
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-32
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2339589514
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 27
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
