The experience sampling method as an mHealth tool to support self-monitoring, self-insight, and personalized health care in clinical practice: van Os et al.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The experience sampling method (ESM) builds an intensive time series of experiences and contexts in the flow of daily life, typically consisting of around 70 reports, collected at 8-10 random time points per day over a period of up to 10 days. METHODS: With the advent of widespread smartphone use, ESM can be used in routine clinical practice. Multiple examples of ESM data collections across different patient groups and settings are shown and discussed, varying from an ESM evaluation of a 6-week randomized trial of mindfulness, to a twin study on emotion dynamics in daily life. RESULTS: Research shows that ESM-based self-monitoring and feedback can enhance resilience by strengthening the capacity to use natural rewards. Personalized trajectories of starting or stopping medication can be more easily initiated and predicted if sensitive feedback data are available in real time. In addition, personalized trajectories of symptoms, cognitive abilities, symptoms impacting on other symptoms, the capacity of the dynamic system of mental health to "bounce back" from disturbance, and patterns of environmental reactivity yield uniquely personal data to support shared decision making and prediction in clinical practice. Finally, ESM makes it possible to develop insight into previous implicit patterns of thought, experience, and behavior, particularly if rapid personalized feedback is available. CONCLUSIONS: ESM enhances clinical practice and research. It is empowering, providing co-ownership of the process of diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and routine outcome measurement. Blended care, based on a mix of face-to-face and ESM-based outside-the-office treatment, may reduce costs and improve outcomes.
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Several studies have tested ESM-based personalized feedback in patients with depression with preliminary positive effects on feelings of empowerment and a decrease in symptoms of depression.
“Personalized feedback based on ESM data is new to the field of psychology but several studies have tested the intervention in patients with depression with preliminary positive effects on feelings of empowerment and a decrease in symptoms of depression [26–29].”
From Personalized exposure and experience sampling method feedback versus exposure as usual for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The discussion around Figure 6 reports a randomized trial in patients with depression in which ESM-based feedback plus medication performed better than medication alone. Section 2 says ESM can empower patients, but does not establish that personalized feedback improved feelings of empowerment in those trials. The copy identifies one such feedback trial, rather than several studies showing both claimed effects; page numbers are unavailable in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelf-management may be enhanced by obtaining insights into everyday functioning dynamics based on ESM data.
“Moreover, self-management may be enhanced by obtaining insights into everyday functioning dynamics, based on ESM data [22,26,27].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In clinical practice, self-management and self-insight may be enhanced by obtaining insights into one's emotion dynamics.
“In clinical practice, self-management and self-insight may be enhanced by obtaining insights into one's emotion dynamics [22,26,27].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
The clinical utility of experiential sampling for improving the assessment of clinical change and evolution has been demonstrated with patients with major depression or psychotic disorders, or with chronic pain conditions.
“The clinical utility of ES for improving the assessment of clinical change and evolution has been demonstrated with patients with major depression or psychotic disorders (van Os et al., 2017), or with chronic pain conditions (Suso-Ribera et al., 2018).”
From Online ACT intervention for fibromyalgia: An exploratory study of feasibility and preliminary effectiveness with smartphone-delivered experiential sampling assessment (2022) · cites this paper as van Os et al., 2017
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- Authors
- van Os, J., Verhagen, S., Marsman, A., Peeters, F., Bak, M., Marcelis, M., Drukker, M., Reininghaus, U., Jacobs, N., Lataster, T., Simons, C., ESM-MERGE Investigators PhD, Lousberg, R., Gülöksüz, S., Leue, C., Groot, P. C., Viechtbauer, W., & Delespaul, P.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- King's College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-05-23
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 481-493
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2617277544
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (451-13-022)
- Weijerhorst Stichting
- European Community's Seventh Framework Program (HEALTH-F2-2009-241909)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- ecological momentary assessment, mobile health, self-monitoring, self-insight, personalized healthcare, smartphone data collection, mindfulness, emotional dynamics, resilience, shared decision-making, routine outcome measurement, blended care, real-time feedback
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Mental Disorders, Humans, Telemedicine, Precision Medicine, Mobile Applications
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