CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 165Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory and Neural Mechanisms

The ever‐changing brain: Cellular and molecular mechanisms for the effects of stressful experiences

Open access
McEwen, Bruce S.·2012·Developmental Neurobiology
DOI 10.1002/dneu.20968PMC PMC3248634
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The adult brain is capable of considerable structural and functional plasticity and the study of hormone actions in brain has contributed to our understanding of this important phenomenon. In particular, stress and stress‐related hormones such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids play a key role in the ability of acute and chronic stress to cause reversible remodeling of neuronal connections in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. To produce this plasticity, these hormones act by both genomic and non‐genomic mechanisms together with ongoing, experience‐driven neural activity mediated by excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor, extracellular molecules such as neural cell adhesion molecule, neuropeptides such as corticotrophin releasing factor, and endocannabinoids. The result is a dynamic brain architecture that can be modified by experience. Under this view, the role of pharmaceutical agents, such as antidepressants, is to facilitate such plasticity that must also be guided by experiences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 878–890, 2012

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/dneu.20968

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Oxidative stress may contribute to the slow emergence of psychoses by mistiming key windows of brain development.

    “Given the pivotal role of PV cells and PNNs in regulating the onset and closure of brain plasticity (52,57), oxidative stress may contribute to the slow emergence of psychoses by mistiming key windows of brain development.”

    From Perineuronal nets protect fast-spiking interneurons against oxidative stress (2013) · cites this paper as [57]

    The “Initial evidence for adult brain plasticity” section discusses developmental critical periods, but not their mistiming by oxidative stress or a resulting emergence of psychoses. Searches of our copy for oxidative stress, psychosis, and related terms found no passage addressing that proposed link; pages were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 127

  1. Adams MM Fink SE Shah RA Janssen WGM Hayashi S 2002 Estrogen and aging affect the subcellular distribution of estrogen receptor-a in the hippocampus of female rats J Neurosci 22 3608 14 11978836 PMC6758372
  2. Akama KT McEwen BS 2003 Estrogen stimulates postsynaptic density-95 rapid protein synthesis via the Akt/protein kinase B pathway J Neurosci 23 2333 9 12657692 PMC6742036
  3. Alfonso J Fernandez ME Cooper B Flugge G Frasch AC 2005a The stress-regulated protein M6a is a key modulator for neurite outgrowth and filopodium/spine formation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 17196 201 16286650 PMC1287971
  4. Alfonso J Frasch AC Flugge G 2005b Chronic stress, depression and antidepressants: Effects on gene transcription in the hippocampus Rev Neurosci 16 43 56 15810653
  5. Alfonso J Pollevick GD van der Hart MG Flugge G Fuchs E Frasch ACC 2004 Identification of genes regulated by chronic psychosocial stress and antidepressant treatment in the hippocampus Eur J Neurosci 19 659 66 14984416
  6. Arnold A Breedlove S 1985 Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids on brain and behavior: a reanalysis Horm Behav 19 469 98 3910535
  7. Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M 2000 Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 62 633 8 11020092
  8. Bennett E Diamond M Krech D Rosenzweig M 1964 Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain Science 146 610 9 14191699
  9. Bennur S Shankaranarayana Rao BS Pawlak R Strickland S McEwen BS Chattarji S 2007 Stress-induced spine loss in the medial amygdala is mediated by tissue-plasminogen activator Neuroscience 144 8 16 17049177
  10. Black IB 2004 Role of growth factors in the nervous system Ann N Y Acad Sci 1038 138 41 15838108
  11. Bliss TVP Lomo T 1973 Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path J Physiology 232 331 56 PMC1350458 4727084
  12. Bloss EB Janssen WG McEwen BS Morrison JH 2010 Interactive effects of stress and aging on structural plasticity in the prefrontal cortex J Neurosci 30 6726 31 20463234 PMC2888496
  13. Brunson KL Kramar E Lin B Chen Y Colgin LL 2005 Mechanisms of late-onset cognitive decline after early-like stress J Neurosci 25 9328 38 16221841 PMC3100717
  14. Cameron HA Gould E 1994 Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus Neuroscience 61 203 9 7969902
  15. Castren E Rantamaki T 2010 The role of BDNF and its receptors in depression and antidepressant drug action: Reactivation of developmental plasticity Dev Neurobiol 70 289 97 20186711
  16. Cerqueira JJ Pego JM Taipa R Bessa JM Almeida OFX Sousa N 2005 Morphological correlates of corticosteroid-induced changes in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviors J Neurosci 25 7792 800 16120780 PMC6725252
  17. Chollet F Tardy J Albucher JF Thalamas C Berard E 2011 Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet Neurol 10 123 30 21216670
  18. Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E 2004 Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 3316 21 14978288 PMC373255
  19. Crombag HS Gorny G Li Y Kolb B Robinson TE 2005 Opposite effects of amphetamine self-administration experience on dendritic spines in the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex Cerebral Cortex 15 341 8 15269111
  20. Davis P McEwen BS Pfaff DW 1979 Localized behavioral effects of tritiated estradiol implants in the ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats Endocrinology 104 898 903 436764
  21. de Lange FP Koers A Kalkman JS Bleijenberg G Hagoort P 2008 Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome Brain 131 2172 80 18587150
  22. DeVoogd T Nottebohm F 1981 Gonadal hormones induce dendritic growth in the adult avian brain Science 214 202 4 7280692
  23. Diamond DM Bennett MC Fleshner M Rose GM 1992 Inverted-U relationship between the level of peripheral corticosterone and the magnitude of hippocampal primed burst potentiation Hippocampus 2 421 30 1308198
  24. Diamond MC 1978 The aging brain: some enlightening and optimistic results Am Sci 66 66 71 623401
  25. Drevets WC Price JL Simpson JR Jr Todd RD Reich T 1997 Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders Nature 386 824 7 9126739
  26. Du J Wang Y Hunter R Wei Y Blumenthal R 2009 Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial function by glucocorticoids Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 3543 8 19202080 PMC2637276
  27. Duman RS Monteggia LM 2006 A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders Biol Psychiat 59 1116 27 16631126
  28. Dumitriu D Hao J Hara Y Kaufmann J Janssen WG 2010a Selective changes in thin spine density and morphology in monkey prefrontal cortex correlate with aging-related cognitive impairment J Neurosci 30 7507 15 20519525 PMC2892969
  29. Dumitriu D Rapp PR McEwen BS Morrison JH 2010b Estrogen and the aging brain: an elixir for the weary cortical network Ann N Y Acad Sci 1204 104 12 20738280 PMC2951002
  30. Edwards DP 2005 Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone Annu Rev Physiol 67 335 76 15709962
  31. Eichenbaum H Otto T 1992 The hippocampus - what does it do? Behav Neural Biol 57 2 36 1567331
  32. Erickson KI Prakash RS Voss MW Chaddock L Hu L 2009 Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans Hippocampus PMC3072565 19123237
  33. Erickson KI Voss MW Prakash RS Basak C Szabo A 2011 Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 3017 22 21282661 PMC3041121
  34. Fenoglio KA Brunson KL Baram TZ 2006 Hippocampal neuroplasticity induced by early-life stress: Functional and molecular aspects Front Neuroendocrin 27 180 92 PMC2937188 16603235
  35. Gerlach J McEwen BS 1972 Rat brain binds adrenal steroid hormone: radioautography of hippocampus with corticosterone Science 175 1133 6 5060047
  36. Gerlach J McEwen BS Pfaff DW Moskovitz S Ferin M 1976 Cells in regions of rhesus monkey brain and pituitary retain radioactive estradiol, corticosterone and cortisol differently Brain Res 103 603 12 175885
  37. Gibbs RB 2000 Long-term treatment with estrogen and progesterone enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task by ovariectomized aged rats Neurobiol of Aging 21 107 16 10794855
  38. Gould E Beylin A Tanapat P Reeves A Shors TJ 1999 Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation Nature Neurosci 2 260 5 10195219
  39. Gould E McEwen BS 1993 Neuronal birth and death Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3 676 82 8260816
  40. Gould E McEwen BS Tanapat P Galea LAM Fuchs E 1997 Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation J Neurosci 17 2492 8 9065509 PMC6573503
  41. Gould E Woolley C McEwen BS 1990 Short-term glucocorticoid manipulations affect neuronal morphology and survival in the adult dentate gyrus Neuroscience 37 367 75 2133348
  42. Govindarajan A Rao BSS Nair D Trinh M Mawjee N 2006 Transgenic brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression causes both anxiogenic and antidepressant effects Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 13208 13 16924103 PMC1559778
  43. Greenough WT Volkmar FR 1973 Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments Exper Neurol 40 491 504 4730268
  44. Grillo CA Piroli GG Wood GE Reznikov LR McEwen BS Reagan LP 2005 Immunocytochemical analysis of synaptic proteins provides new insights into diabetes-mediated plasticity in the rat hippocampus Neuroscience 136 477 86 16226381
  45. Guillemin R 1978 Peptides in the brain: the new endocrinology of the neuron Science 202 390 402 212832
  46. Hansson AC Sommer WH Metsis M Stromberg I Agnati LF Fuxe K 2006 Corticosterone actions on the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression are mediated by Exon IV promoter J Neuroendocrin 18 104 14 16420279
  47. Harris GW 1948 Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and the mechanism of neural control of the adenohypophysis J Physiol 107 418 29 16991822 PMC1392403
  48. Heinrich C Lahteinen S Suzuki F Anne-Marie L Huber S 2011 Increase in BDNF-mediated TrkB signaling promotes epileptogenesis in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Neurobiol Dis 42 35 47 21220014
  49. Hill MN Karatsoreos IN Hillard CJ McEwen BS 2010 Rapid elevations in limbic endocannabinoid content by glucocorticoid hormones in vivo Psychoneuroendocrinology 35 1333 8 20399021 PMC2914801
  50. Holzel BK Carmody J Evans KC Hoge EA Dusek JA 2009 Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci PMC2840837 19776221
  51. Horch HW Katz LC 2002 BDNF release from single cells elicits local dendritic growth in nearby neurons Nature Neuroscience 5 1177 84 12368805
  52. Horch HW Kruttgen A Portbury SD Katz LC 1999 Destabilization of cortical dendrites and spines by BDNF Neuron 23 353 64 10399940
  53. Huhtakangas JA Olivera CJ Bishop JE Zanello LP Norman AW 2004 The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1a,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro Mol Endocrin 18 2660 71 15272054
  54. Isgor C Kabbaj M Akil H Watson SJ 2004 Delayed effects of chronic variable stress during peripubertal-juvenile period on hippocampal morphology and on cognitive and stress axis functions in rats Hippocampus 14 636 48 15301440
  55. Jeanneteau F Garabedian MJ Chao MV 2008 Activation of Trk neurotrophin receptors by glucocorticoids provides a neuroprotective effect Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 4862 7 18347336 PMC2290769
  56. Jensen E Geoffrey L Greene L Closs LED Nadji M 1981 Receptors reconsidered a 20-year perspective Recent Progress in Hormone Research Greep R 1 40 New York Academic Press 6289391
  57. Joels M 2006 Corticosteroid effects in the brain: U-shape it Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 244 50 16584791
  58. Kaplan MS 2001 Environment complexity stimulates visual cortex neurogenesis: death of a dogma and a research career Trends Neurosci 24 617 20 11576677
  59. Kaplan MS Bell DH 1983 Neuronal proliferation in the 9-month-old rodent-radioautographic study of granule cells in the hippocampus Exp Brain Res 52 1 5 6628589
  60. Karatsoreos IN Bhagat S Bloss EB Morrison JH McEwen BS 2011 Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 1657 62 21220317 PMC3029753
  61. Karst H Berger S Turiault M Tronche F Schutz G Joels M 2005 Mineralocorticoid receptors are indispensable for nongenomic modulation of hippocampal glutamate transmission by corticosterone Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 19204 7 16361444 PMC1323174
  62. Kempermann G Kuhn HG Gage FH 1997 More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment Nature 586 493 5 9087407
  63. Koob GF 1999 Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress Biol Psychiat 46 1167 80 10560023
  64. Kramer AF Hahn S Cohen NJ Banich MT McAuley E 1999 Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function Nature 400 418 9 10440369
  65. Kuroda Y McEwen BS 1998 Effect of chronic restraint stress and tianeptine on growth factors, GAP-43 and MAP2 mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus Mol Brain Res 59 35 9 9729259
  66. Landfield PW Waymire JC Lynch G 1978 Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: Quantitative correlations Science 202 1098 102 715460
  67. Liston C Miller MM Goldwater DS Radley JJ Rocher AB 2006 Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting J Neurosci 26 7870 4 16870732 PMC6674229
  68. Loy R Gerlach J McEwen BS 1988 Autoradiographic localization of estradiol-binding neurons in rat hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex Dev Brain Res 39 245 51 3378173
  69. Magarinos AM Deslandes A McEwen BS 1999 Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepine treatments on the dendritic structure of CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress Eur J Pharm 371 113 22 10357248
  70. Magarinos AM Li CJ Gal Toth J Bath KG Jing D 2011 Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor haploinsufficiency on stress-induced remodeling of hippocampal neurons Hippocampus 21 253 64 20095008 PMC2888762
  71. Magarinos AM McEwen BS Flugge G Fuchs E 1996 Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews J Neurosci 16 3534 40 8627386 PMC6579123
  72. Magarinos AM McEwen BS Saboureau M Pevet P 2006 Rapid and reversible changes in intrahippocampal connectivity during the course of hibernation in European hamsters Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 18775 80 17121986 PMC1693738
  73. Magarinos AM Verdugo Garcia JM McEwen BS 1997 Chronic restraint stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 14002 8 9391142 PMC28422
  74. Martin KP Wellman CL 2011 NMDA Receptor Blockade Alters Stress-Induced Dendritic Remodeling in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Cereb Cortex PMC3697127 21383235
  75. Matys T Pawlak R Matys E Pavlides C McEwen BS S S 2004 Tissue plasminogen activator promotes the effects of corticotropin releasing factor on the amygdala and anxiety-like behavior Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 16345 50 15522965 PMC528975
  76. McEwen BS 1999 Stress and hippocampal plasticity Annu Rev Neurosci 22 105 22 10202533
  77. McEwen BS Chattarji S 2004 Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity and pharmacological implications: the example of tianeptine Eur Neuropsychopharm 14 S497 S502 15550348
  78. McEwen BS Milner TA 2007 Hippocampal formation: Shedding light on the influence of sex and stress on the brain Brain Res Rev 55 343 55 17395265 PMC2101766
  79. McEwen BS Plapinger L 1970 Association of corticosterone-1,2 3H with macromolecules extracted from brain cell nuclei Nature 226 263 4 5437515
  80. McEwen BS Weiss J Schwartz L 1968 Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain Nature 220 911 2 4301849
  81. McKittrick CR Magarinos AM Blanchard DC Blanchard RJ McEwen BS Sakai RR 2000 Chronic social stress reduces dendritic arbors in CA3 of hippocampus and decreases binding to serotonin transporter sites Synapse 36 85 94 10767055
  82. Meites J 1992 Short history of neuroendocrinology and the International Society of Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology 56 1 10 1641067
  83. Milner TA McEwen BS Hayashi S Li CJ Reagen L Alves SE 2001 Ultrastructural evidence that hippocampal alpha estrogen receptors are located at extranuclear sites J Comp Neurol 429 355 71 11116225
  84. Moore GJ Bebehuk JM Wilds IB Chen G Manji HK 2000 Lithium-induced increase in human brain grey matter Lancet 356 1241 2 11072948
  85. Nacher J Alonso-Llosa G Rosell DR McEwen BS 2003 NMDA receptor antagonist treatment increases the production of new neurons in the aged rat hippocampus Neurobiol Aging 24 273 84 12498961
  86. Nelson AJ Iwamoto GA 2006 Reversibility of exercise-induced dendritic attenuation in brain cardiorespiratory and locomotor areas following exercise detraining J Appl Physiol 101 1243 51 16794024
  87. Nelson AJ Juraska JM Musch TI Iwamoto GA 2005 Neuroplastic adaptations to exercise: neuronal remodeling in cardiorespiratory and locomotor areas J Appl Physiol 99 2312 22 16123206
  88. Nottebohm F 2002 Why are some neurons replaced in adult brain? J Neurosci 22 624 8 11826090 PMC6758507
  89. Numakawa T Kumamaru E Adachi N Yagasaki Y Izumi A Kunugi H 2009 Glucocorticoid receptor interaction with TrkB promotes BDNF-triggered PLC-g signaling for glutamate release via a glutamate transporter Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 647 52 19126684 PMC2626757
  90. Okuda S Roozendaal B McGaugh JL 2004 Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 853 8 14711996 PMC321770
  91. Parnavelas J Lynch G Brecha N Cotman C GLobus A 1974 Spine loss and regrowth in hippocampus following deafferentation Nature 248 71 3 4818565
  92. Pavlides C Kimura A Magarinos AM McEwen BS 1995a Hippocampal homosynaptic long-term depression/depotentiation induced by adrenal steroids Neuroscience 68 379 85 7477947
  93. Pavlides C Watanabe Y Magarinos AM McEwen BS 1995b Opposing role of adrenal steroid Type I and Type II receptors in hippocampal long-term potentiation Neuroscience 68 387 94 7477948
  94. Pawlak R Magarinos AM Melchor J McEwen B Strickland S 2003 Tissue plasminogen activator in the amygdala is critical for stress-induced anxiety-like behavior Nature Neurosci 6 168 74 12524546
  95. Pawlak R Rao BSS Melchor JP Chattarji S McEwen B Strickland S 2005 Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen mediate stress-induced decline of neuronal and cognitive functions in the mouse hippocampus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 18201 6 16330749 PMC1312427
  96. Pfaff DW 1980 Estrogens and brain function Springer-Verlag
  97. Pfaff DW Keiner M 1973 Atlas of estradiol-concentrating cells in the central nervous system of the female rat J Comp Neurol 151 121 58 4744471
  98. Prager EM Johnson LR 2009 Stress at the synapse: signal transduction mechanisms of adrenal steroids at neuronal membranes Sci Signal 2 re5 19724063
  99. Radley JJ Rocher AB Rodriguez A Ehlenberger DB Dammann M 2008 Repeated stress alters dendritic spine morphology in the rat medial prefrontal cortex J Comp Neurol 507 1141 50 18157834 PMC2796421
  100. Rajkowska G 2000 Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells Biol Psychiat 48 766 77 11063973
  101. Robinson TE Gorny G Mitton E Kolb B 2001 Cocaine self-administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex Synapse 39 257 66 11169774
  102. Robinson TE Gorny G Savage VR Kolb B 2002 Widespread but regionally specific effects of experimenter- versus self-administered morphine on dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and neocortex of adult rats Synapse 46 271 9 12373743
  103. Roitman MF Na E Anderson G Jones TA Bernstein IL 2002 Induction of a salt appetite alters dendritic morphology in nucleus accumbens and sensitizes rats to amphetamine J Neurosci 22 RC225 12040084 PMC6758808
  104. Sachar BJ Hellman J Fukushima DK Gallagher TF 1970 Cortisol production in depressive illness Arch Gen Psychiatry 23 289 98 4918519
  105. Sandi C 2004 Stress, cognitive impairment and cell adhesion molecules Nature Rev/Neurosci 5 917 30 15550947
  106. Schally AV Arimura A Kastin AJ 1973 Hypothalamic regulatory hormones Science 179 341 50 4345570
  107. Sheline YI 1996 Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a result of depression-induced neurotoxicity? Mol Psychiatry 1 298 9 9118352
  108. Sheline YI 2003 Neuroimaging studies of mood disorder effects on the brain Biol Psychiat 54 338 52 12893109
  109. Sloviter RS Valiquette G Abrams GM Ronk C Sollas AI 1989 Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy Science 243 535 8 2911756
  110. Sousa N Lukoyanov NV Madeira MD Almeida OFX Paula-Barbosa MM 2000 Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement Neuroscience 97 253 66 10799757
  111. Stewart MG Davies HA Sandi C Kraev IV Rogachevsky VV 2005 Stress suppresses and learning induces plasticity in CA3 of rat hippocampus: A three-dimensional ultrastructural study of thorny excrescences and their postsynaptic densities Neuroscience 131 43 54 15680690
  112. Stockmeier CA Mahajan GJ Konick LC Overholser JC Jurjus GJ 2004 Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression Biol Psychiat 56 640 50 15522247 PMC2929806
  113. Stumpf WE Sar M 1976 Steroid hormone target sites in the brain: The differential distribution of estrogen, progestin, androgen and glucocorticosteroid J Steroid Biochem 7 1163 70 1025363
  114. Sunanda Rao MS Raju TR 1995 Effect of chronic restraint stress on dendritic spines and excrescences of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons - a quantitative study Brain Res 694 312 7 8974660
  115. Tabori NE Stewart LS Znamensky V Romeo RD Alves SE 2005 Ultrastructural evidence that androgen receptors are located at extranuclear sites in the rat hippocampal formation Neuroscience 130 151 63 15561432
  116. Tasker JG Di S Malcher-Lopes R 2006 Minireview: Rapid glucocorticoid signaling via membrane-associated receptors Endocrinology 147 5549 56 16946006 PMC3280589
  117. Venero C Borrell J 1999 Rapid glucocorticoid effects on excitatory amino acid levels in the hippocampus: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats Eur J Neurosci 1 2465 73 10383636
  118. Vetencourt JFM Sale A Viegi A Baroncelli L De Pasquale R 2008 The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex Science 320 385 8 18420937
  119. Vollmann-Honsdorf GK Flugge G Fuchs E 1997 Chronic psychosocial stress does not affect the number of pyramidal neurons in tree shrew hippocampus Neurosci Letts 233 121 4 9350847
  120. Vythilingam M Vermetten E Anderson GM Luckenbaugh D Anderson ER 2004 Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: Effects of treatment Biol Psychiat 56 101 12 15231442
  121. Waters EM Torres-Revon AT McEwen BS Milner TA 2008 Extranuclear progestin receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal formation J Comp Neurol 511 34 46 18720413 PMC2577145
  122. Wehling M Christ M Thiesen K 1992 Membrane receptors for aldosterone: a novel pathway for mineralocorticoid action Am J Physiol 263 E974 1443130
  123. Wood GE Young LT Reagan LP Chen B McEwen BS 2004 Stress-induced structural remodeling in hippocampus: Prevention by lithium treatment Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 3973 8 15001711 PMC374354
  124. Woolley C Gould E Frankfurt M McEwen BS 1990 Naturally occurring fluctuation in dendritic spine density on adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons J Neurosci 10 4035 9 2269895 PMC6570039
  125. Yildirim M Janssen WG Tabori NE Adams MM Yuen GS 2008 Estrogen and aging affect synaptic distribution of phosphorylated LIM kinase (pLIMK) in CA1 region of female rat hippocampus Neuroscience 152 360 70 18294775 PMC2396523
  126. Yuen GS McEwen BS Akama KT 2010 LIM kinase mediates estrogen action on the actin depolymerization factor Cofilin Brain Res PMC3021767 20696146
  127. Zigmond R McEwen BS 1970 Selective retention of oestradiol by cell nuclei in specific brain regions of the ovariectomized rats J Neurochem 17 889 99 5426677

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
McEwen, B. S.
Affiliations
Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author
McEwen, Bruce S.
ORCID
McEwen, Bruce S.
Venue
Developmental Neurobiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-05-14
Volume
72
Issue
6
Pages
878-890
ISSN
  • 1932-8451 (ISSN-L)
  • 1932-846X
DOI
10.1002/dneu.20968
PMC
PMC3248634
OpenAlex
W2003627321
Cited by
165
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
FWCI
1.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Developmental Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH-41256, R37MH041256, MH-58911, P50MH058911, R01MH041256)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS007080, NS 07080)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
stress, neuroplasticity, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, excitatory amino acids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CD56, corticotropin-releasing factor, endocannabinoids, antidepressants, experience-dependent plasticity
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Glucocorticoids, Neuronal Plasticity, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review