Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy
Abstract
This study investigated whether 21 days of restraint stress (6 hr/day) and the subsequent hippocampal dendritic atrophy would affect fear conditioning, a memory task with hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent components. Restraint-stressed rats were injected daily (21 days) with tianeptine (10 mg/kg; to prevent hippocampal atrophy) or vehicle then tested on fear conditioning (Days 23-25, with 2 tone-shock pairings) and open field (Day 25). Restraint stress enhanced freezing to context (hippocampal-dependent behavior) and tone (hippocampal-independent) and decreased open-field exploration, irrespective of whether tianeptine was given. Results confirmed that stress produced CA3 dendritic atrophy and tianeptine prevented it. Moreover, CA3 dendritic atrophy was not permanent but reversed to control levels by 10 days after the cessation of restraint stress. These data argue that different neural substrates underlie spatial recognition memory and fear conditioning.
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Chronic stress enhances amygdala-dependent unlearned fear and fear conditioning.
“and enhances amygdala-dependent unlearned fear and fear conditioning (Conrad et al., 1999)”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Conrad et al., 1999
Chronic stress for 21 days or longer impairs hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and enhances amygdala-dependent unlearned fear and fear conditioning.
“Moreover, chronic stress for 21 days or longer impairs hippocampal-dependent cognitive function58 and enhances amygdala-dependent unlearned fear and fear conditioning,100 which are consistent with the opposite effects of stress on hippocampal and amygdala structure.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [100]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Conrad, C. D., Magariños, A. M., LeDoux, J. E., & McEwen, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 902-913
- ISSN
- 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0084
- OpenAlex
- W2018546099
- Cited by
- 664
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32mh011526-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-41256, MH11526)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- restraint stress, fear conditioning, hippocampal CA3, dendritic atrophy, tianeptine, hippocampal-dependent memory, spatial recognition memory, freezing behavior, open field exploration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic, Conditioning, Psychological, Dendrites, Exploratory Behavior, Fear, Hippocampus, Male, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Physiological, Thiazepines, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Pyramidal Cells, Cell Size, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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