The Method Behind the Science
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the review, studies most often utilized explicit death primes such as the Mortality Attitudes Personality Survey (MAPS) or Projective Life Attitudes Assessment (PLAA) (n=17; 39%).
“In our review, studies were found to most often utilize explicit death primes, such as the Mortality Attitudes Personality Survey (MAPS) or Projective Life Attitudes Assessment (PLAA) (n=17; 39%, Table 3)”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
Within the quantitative studies reviewed, the majority used a dental pain control, which aligns with earlier TMT studies.
“Within the quantitative studies reviewed, the majority used a dental pain control, which aligns with earlier TMT studies (Burke et al., 2010; Cox et al., 2019).”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
When explicit mortality reminders and distal defenses are required, a delay is necessary for the threat to reach subconscious levels.
“When explicit mortality reminders and distal defenses are required, a delay is necessary for the threat to reach subconscious levels (Cox et al., 2019).”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
Qualitative TMT research approaches are not discussed by Cox et al. (2019) and are generally absent from broader TMT literature.
“Qualitative TMT research approaches are not discussed by Cox et al. (2019) and are generally absent from broader TMT literature.”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al. (2019)
Mortality salience can be reliably triggered in multiple ways, but effects are strongest when people purposely contemplate their own mortality.
“Mortality salience can be reliably triggered in multiple ways (Cox et al., 2019), but effects are strongest when people purposely contemplate their own mortality.”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
Over 100 studies have compared mortality salience to other undesirable threat conditions such as uncertainty, meaninglessness, worries about the future, and physical pain.
“Over 100 studies have compared mortality salience to other undesirable threat conditions such as uncertainty, meaninglessness, worries about the future, and physical pain (Cox et al., 2019; Pyszczynski et al., 2015, p. 43);”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
Cox et al.'s (2019) chapter in the Handbook of Terror Management Theory is the most recent, comprehensive summary of all TMT research to date.
“A thorough compilation of TMT methodology and methods, written and edited by TMT experts, this chapter is the most recent, comprehensive summary of all TMT research to date.”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al.'s (2019)
For quantitative research approaches, the randomized-control experimental survey method is the most frequently used in TMT studies.
“For quantitative research approaches, we outline different study designs for the randomized-control experimental survey method, the most frequently used in TMT studies (Cox et al., 2019).”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
What buffers anxiety for one person may not buffer anxiety for another.
“Next, often included amongst cover surveys, an anxiety-buffer measure establishes participants' baseline psychological structure state since what buffers anxiety for one may not for another (Cox et al., 2019; Florian et al., 2002).”
From Mortality management and climate action: A review and reference for using Terror Management Theory methods in interdisciplinary environmental research (2022) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2019
Cites
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210 · see citing works
The Meaning Maintenance Model: On the Coherence of Social Motivations
Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60328-7 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352321 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
(1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.212 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia
Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior
Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702236834 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.590 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020524 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M., van Knippenberg, A., & Janssen, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.722 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.527 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against outgroups: A terror management account
Das, E., Bushman, B. J., Bezemer, M. D., Kerkhof, P., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.001 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Subliminal exposure to death-related stimuli increases defense of the cultural worldview
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00429.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
A Function of Form: Terror Management and Structuring the Social World.
Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Solomon, S. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.190 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Niemiec, C. P., Brown, K. W., Kashdan, T. B., Cozzolino, P. J., Breen, W. E., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Ryan, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019388 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Terror Mismanagement: Evidence That Mortality Salience Exacerbates Phobic and Compulsive Behaviors
Strachan, E., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Williams, T., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207303018 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Jonas, E., Martens, A., Niesta Kayser, D., Fritsche, I., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013593 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902847144 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., Kluck, B., Cox, C. R., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Weise, D. (2007) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.341 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., & Abend, T. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1132 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values
Gailliot, M. T., Stillman, T. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Maner, J. K., & Plant, E. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316791 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
General and personal mortality salience and nationalistic bias
Nelson, L. J., Moore, D. L., Olivetti, J., & Scott, T. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297238008 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Hirschberger, G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.832 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.442 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Taubman‐Ben‐Ari, O., Findler, L., & Mikulincer, M. (2002) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466602760344296 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Motyl, M., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Weise, D., Maxfield, M., & Siedel, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Jones, E. H., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynsid, T. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296221008 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Same but different: meta-analytically examining the uniqueness of mortality salience effects
Martens, A., Burke, B. L., Schimel, J., & Faucher, E. H. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.767 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Enjoying life in the face of death: East-West differences in responses to mortality salience
Ma-Kellams, C., & Blascovich, J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029366 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329629 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Jonas, E., Fritsche, I., & Greenberg, J. (2005) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2004.02.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Fear appeals and binge drinking: A terror management theory perspective
Jessop, D. C., & Wade, J. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x272790 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Schimel, J., Wohl, M. J. A., & Williams, T. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9040-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hirschberger, G., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030205006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Peters, H. J., Greenberg, J., Williams, J. M., & Schneider, N. R. (2005) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.27.1.111 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164911 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Reducing defensive responses to thoughts of death: Meditation, mindfulness, and Buddhism.
Park, Y. C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000163 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Desire in the face of death: terror management, attachment, and sexual motivation
BIRNBAUM, G., HIRSCHBERGER, G., & GOLDENBERG, J. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01298.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Trafimow, D., & Hughes, J. S. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611432938 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mortality Salience and Worldview Affirmation Strengthen Support for Foreign Products
Sullivan, D., Jonas, E., & Jodlbauer, B. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000076 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smith, L. K. M., Ross, H. C., Shouldice, S. A., & Wolfe, S. E. (2022) · WIREs Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.776 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Treger, S., Benau, E. M., & Timko, C. A. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285267 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Arendsen, J. L., Brugman, B. C., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Fransen, M. L. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, F., Xiao, Z., Zhang, Q., Xiong, Y., Xia, W., Yan, M., Ye, Z., Ou, M., & Xu, X. (2026) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70492
- Authors
- Cox, C. R., Darrell, A., & Arrowood, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Texas Christian University (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Terror Management Theory
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2019
- Pages
- 85-132
- OpenAlex
- W2968722202
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- terror management theory, mortality salience, death awareness, worldview defense, self-esteem, death-thought accessibility, moderators, research methodology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
