Applying cumulative effects to strategically advance large‐scale ecosystem restoration

Positive effects arising from multiple pathways have been observed in Tampa Bay, where watershed-scale nutrient management and local habitat protection and enhancement projects aided seagrass recovery.

“Positive effects arising from multiple pathways have been observed in Tampa Bay, Florida, where watershed-scale nutrient management and local habitat protection and enhancement projects aided seagrass recovery (Beck et al. 2019).”

• cites Beck et al. 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction reports seagrass recovery in Tampa Bay and says reduced nutrient loading and improved water clarity preceded it. The Discussion links habitat protection to reductions in chlorophyll-a, but says habitat enhancement was not strongly associated with baywide water-quality improvements. The paper does not establish that habitat protection and enhancement projects aided seagrass recovery. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Rain gardens, bioretention, and vegetated roofs moderate runoff events and associated nutrient loads.

“Rain gardens, bioretention, and vegetated roofs moderate runoff events and associated nutrient loads (Pennino et al. 2016).”

• cites Pennino et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions report that stormwater green infrastructure reduced flashy hydrology and nitrogen exports at the watershed scale. But §3.3 found no significant correlation between nutrient exports and any individual infrastructure type, and no significant reduction in phosphorus exports. The paper therefore does not establish that rain gardens, bioretention, and vegetated roofs each moderate runoff and associated nutrient loads. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the Florida Everglades, multiple lines of evidence collected over three decades indicate that the effects of water management and restoration projects on food availability during the nesting season are key contributors to nesting success and the sustainability of wading bird populations.

“Similarly, in the Florida Everglades, multiple lines of evidence collected over three decades indicate that the effects of water management and restoration projects on food availability during the nesting season are key contributors to nesting success and the sustainability of wading bird populations (WebTable 1; Beerens et al. 2015).”

• cites Beerens et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Large-scale restoration is usually more cost-effective than local site-specific planning.

“Large-scale restoration is usually more cost-effective than local site-specific planning (Neeson et al. 2015);”

• cites Neeson et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Significance section reports that coordinating restoration across the Laurentian Great Lakes region was nine times more cost-effective than local-scale planning. The claim extends that finding to large-scale restoration generally by saying it is 'usually' more cost-effective; the paper also notes that local opportunities can be worthwhile (Results and Discussion). (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The direct effects of reconnection on hydrology and sedimentation in turn produce indirect effects on native plants and the aquatic food web.

“The direct effects of reconnection on hydrology and sedimentation in turn produce indirect effects on native plants and the aquatic food web (Thom et al. 2018).”

• cites Thom et al. 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Accepted Article passages (page unavailable) report that reconnection restored water-level variations, that sediment accretion helped restore marsh elevation and vegetation structure, and that vegetation changed after reconnection. They also describe exported organic matter as a potential contribution to the aquatic food web, but say further research is needed to establish how it is taken up. The paper does not establish the claimed effects on native plants or a demonstrated food-web response. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Where human development isolates ecosystems from natural physical processes, restoration causes an interim period of disruptive hydrologic and sedimentary change.

“Where human development isolates ecosystems from natural physical processes, restoration causes an interim period of disruptive hydrologic and sedimentary change (Day et al. 2009).”

• cites Day et al. 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes levees and closed distributaries isolating Mississippi Delta wetlands from river input. The Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations reports that reintroducing river water changed freshwater flow and sediment delivery in Breton Sound. It does not establish that restoration generally causes an interim period of disruptive hydrologic and sedimentary change. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The focus of recovery planning for highly mobile and/or migratory species like the anadromous longfin smelt and Chinook salmon differs from that for solely wetland-dependent species.

“The focus of recovery planning for highly mobile and/or migratory species like the anadromous longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) differs from that for solely wetland-dependent species (Hobbs et al. 2017).”

• cites Hobbs et al. 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Tidal Marsh Restoration section recommends connecting food-rich marshes to open-water habitats for pelagic fishes, supporting the idea that recovery for smelt involves more than wetland habitat alone. But our copy does not compare recovery planning with solely wetland-dependent species or extend that comparison to Chinook salmon; its recommendations focus on smelt. No page numbers were available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

On the Columbia River floodplain, reconnection restores the primary production and export of marsh plants that die back annually, producing detritus that subsidizes organic matter in channels nearby and the food web that supports juvenile salmon.

“On the Columbia River floodplain, reconnection restores the primary production and export of marsh plants that die back annually, producing detritus that subsidizes organic matter in channels nearby and the food web that supports juvenile salmon, among other species (Figure 4, c and d; WebTable 1; Diefenderfer et al. 2016).”

• cites Diefenderfer et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Much of Hog Island Bay on the Virginia coast lies within a depth range where vegetated seagrass meadows with relatively clear water or unvegetated seabeds with turbid water are alternative stable states.

“Much of Hog Island Bay on the Virginia coast lies within a depth range where vegetated seagrass meadows with relatively clear water or unvegetated seabeds with turbid water are alternative stable states (Carr et al. 2010).”

• cites Carr et al. 2010 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1 reports that vegetated and bare seabeds are alternative stable states at depths of 2.2–3.6 m in Hog Island Bay, consistent with the paper’s account of seagrass reducing turbidity. But under typical conditions, that range covers 23% of the bay, while 51% favors stable seagrass. The Discussion says much of the bay *will* fall into a bistable regime with future depth changes, not that much of it currently lies in one. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Commercial salt pond restoration creates a pattern of habitat patches with interacting water quality, primary production, and sediment dynamics.

“Commercial salt pond restoration creates a pattern of habitat patches with interacting water quality, primary production, and sediment dynamics (Valoppi 2018).”

• cites Valoppi 2018 sourceSupported

Habitat conditions influence bird dispersal between segments of the Missouri River and other nesting habitats in tributaries and prairie pothole wetlands, thereby affecting the distribution of birds over a broad geographic area.

“Habitat conditions also influence bird dispersal between segments of the Missouri River and other nesting habitats in tributaries and prairie pothole wetlands, thereby affecting the distribution of birds over a broad geographic area (Roche et al. 2016).”

• cites Roche et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) links changing nesting conditions to Piping Plover dispersal and describes possible movement between Missouri River habitats and alkaline lakes. The Study Area (page unavailable) places those populations across a broad region, but the paper does not identify tributary nesting habitats as part of the dispersal described in the claim; it studies mainstem river and reservoir habitats and Missouri Coteau alkaline lakes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Higher densities of stormwater treatment areas implemented in watersheds are correlated with watershed-scale reductions in annual peak runoff, high-flow event frequency, coefficient of variation in runoff, and N loads.

“Higher densities of stormwater treatment areas implemented in watersheds are correlated with watershed-scale reductions in annual peak runoff, high-flow event frequency, coefficient of variation in runoff, and N loads (Pennino et al. 2016).”

• cites Pennino et al. 2016 sourceSupported

With increasing scale of restoration planning, potential interactions encompass many ecosystem types, plant communities, and species affected by changing landscape patterns and ecological processes.

“With the increasing scale of restoration planning in response to disasters, human population growth, and climate change (Figure 6), potential interactions encompass many ecosystem types, plant communities, and species affected by changing landscape patterns and ecological processes (WebTable 2; Nakano and Murakami 2001; LoSchiavo et al. 2013).”

• cites WebTable 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nakano and Murakami 2001 sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion passage supports the point that changing habitat interfaces can affect interactions between neighboring communities: it describes broad-scale human alteration of habitat patterns and its effects on exchanges between forests and streams. It does not address restoration planning or establish that such interactions encompass many ecosystem types and plant communities. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites LoSchiavo et al. 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The section ‘Developing an applied science framework’ (page not provided) describes landscape-scale models spanning South Florida’s major wetland systems, and the Background notes effects on species and habitats. The paper does not establish the broader claim that restoration planning is increasing in scale in response to disasters, population growth, and climate change, or specifically describe interactions across many plant communities. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Water diverted during rising or peak river stages delivers at least twice as much sediment as during falling stages.

“River stage and trend are key factors in timing pulses, because water diverted during rising or peak stages delivers at least twice as much sediment than it does during falling stages (WebTable 1; Day et al. 2009).”

• cites WebTable 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Day et al. 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations says that diversions during rising or peak Mississippi River stages can deliver two or more times as much sediment per unit of water as diversions during falling stages. The claim presents that potential, per-unit comparison as an unqualified rule; the Suspended Sediment Delivery section reports the underlying comparison of two spring 2003 pulses. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Sociocultural and institutional mechanisms can pose substantial barriers to planning, implementing, and evaluating large-scale ecosystem restoration even when the ecology is well understood.

“Sociocultural and institutional mechanisms can pose substantial barriers to planning, implementing, and evaluating large-scale ecosystem restoration even when the ecology is well understood (Daoust et al. 2014).”

• cites Daoust et al. 2014Partly supported

  Section 2.3 (Adaptive Governance; page unavailable) describes significant institutional challenges, including existing planning structures and fragmented political authority, that impede restoration management. Section 2.4 (Linking Science with Management Decision Making; page unavailable) also describes difficulties connecting scientists and decision-makers. The copy does not establish that these barriers persist when the ecology is well understood, or specifically show sociocultural barriers to evaluating restoration. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Evidence from reviewed long-term restoration in several large coastal and riverine areas across the US supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects.

“Evidence supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects, which improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales.”

In every study area considered, more than one mode of cumulative effects accounted for interactions and ecological consequences of restoration actions.

“In every study area we considered, more than one mode of cumulative effects accounted for interactions and ecological consequences of restoration actions.”

Managing Missouri River reservoir releases to reduce the threat of inundation of nests on the riverine sandbars downstream conversely increases the threat of inundation of nests on the shorelines of reservoirs upstream.

“Managing Missouri River reservoir releases to reduce the threat of inundation of nests on the riverine sandbars downstream conversely increases the threat of inundation of nests on the shorelines of reservoirs upstream (WebTable 1).”

The eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales.

“Evidence supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects, which improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales.”

Both basin and marsh restoration projects affect hydrodynamic regimes, sediment deposition, elevation deficits, salinity gradients, and land building at overlapping spatiotemporal scales.

“Both basin and marsh restoration projects affect hydrodynamic regimes, sediment deposition, elevation deficits, salinity gradients, and land building at overlapping spatiotemporal scales.”

The case studies demonstrated indirect, space-crowding, and time-lag effects on tidal marsh restoration.

“indirect, space-crowding, and time-lag effects on tidal marsh restoration”

This survey of restoration areas provides the first strong, collective evidence of beneficial cumulative effects within large-scale ecosystems.

“This survey of restoration areas provides the first strong, collective evidence of beneficial cumulative effects within large-scale ecosystems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The restoration areas surveyed are representative of large-scale ecosystem restoration generally.

The case studies demonstrated indirect and cross-boundary effects on bird and salmon populations.

“indirect and cross-boundary effects on bird and salmon populations”

We observed cross-boundary effects after man-made barriers were removed.

“cross-boundary effects after man-made barriers were removed”

We observed compounding effects after multiple stressors were reduced.

“we observed compounding effects after multiple stressors were reduced”

The site-scale outcomes of individual restoration projects are influenced by watershed- and landscape-scale processes, and by other restoration sites.

“The site-scale outcomes of individual restoration projects are influenced by watershed-and landscape-scale processes, and by other restoration sites.”

Threshold effects occurred where phase shifts had previously degraded the system.

“threshold effects occurred where phase shifts had previously degraded the system”

We observed more than one mode of cumulative effect in each case study.

“We observed more than one mode of cumulative effect in each case study.”

The case studies demonstrated threshold and compounding effects on seagrass recoveries.

“The case studies discussed here demonstrated both threshold and compounding effects on seagrass recoveries”

Using available tools to incorporate cumulative effects mechanisms into the existing ecosystem approach is a suitable strategy for improving the effectiveness of restoration and adaptive management at large scales.

“On balance, our findings indicated that using available tools to incorporate cumulative effects mechanisms into the existing ecosystem approach (WebTable 3) is a suitable strategy for improving the effectiveness of restoration and adaptive management at large scales.”

Low-impact development such as stormwater green infrastructure provides opportunities for the management of rivers, stormwater, and treated-sewage runoff to support ecosystem restoration.

“Low-impact development such as stormwater green infrastructure provides opportunities for the management of rivers, stormwater, and treated-sewage runoff to support ecosystem restoration (Greening et al. 2016).”

• cites Greening et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

After 40 years of nutrient enrichment on a Long Island Sound embayment in Connecticut, removal of a nutrient source induced a shift from an algae-dominated ecosystem to an eelgrass-dominated ecosystem within 15 years.

“After 40 years of nutrient enrichment on a Long Island Sound embayment in Connecticut, removal of a nutrient source induced a shift from an algae-dominated ecosystem to an eelgrass-dominated ecosystem within 15 years (Vaudrey et al. 2010).”

• cites Vaudrey et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Reconnection of estuarine habitat on the Oregon coast resulted in greater life-history diversity for a population of coho salmon.

“and reconnection of estuarine habitat on the Oregon coast resulted in greater life-history diversity for a population of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; Jones et al. 2014).”

• cites Jones et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Positive feedback occurred as seagrasses modified the underwater light environment.

“In these instances, positive feedback occurred as seagrasses modified the underwater light environment (Figure 4, a and b).”

On the tidal river and estuarine floodplain of the Columbia River, the wetland restoration program reconnects formerly diked lands to riverine hydrology.

“On the tidal river and estuarine floodplain of the Columbia River on the Oregon–Washington border, for example, the wetland restoration program reconnects formerly diked lands to riverine hydrology (Ebberts et al. 2017).”

• cites Ebberts et al. 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

After system-wide improvements in water transparency, chlorophyll-a concentration, and total N loading rates, seagrass acreage in Tampa Bay in 2014 exceeded recovery goals established in 1996 based on 1950s benchmark levels.

“After system-wide improvements in numerical water transparency, chlorophyll-a concentration, and total N loading rates, seagrass acreage in 2014 exceeded recovery goals established in 1996 based on 1950s benchmark levels (WebTable 1; Greening et al. 2016).”

• cites Greening et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Rivers present cross-boundary effects when management actions alter reservoir releases or channel configuration.

“Rivers present cross-boundary effects when management actions alter reservoir releases or channel configuration.”

Cumulative effects, usually measured for ecosystem degradation, are also measurable for ecosystem restoration.

“We conclude that cumulative effects, usually measured for ecosystem degradation, are also measurable for ecosystem restoration.”

Wetland primary production is re-established through interactions of soil microbes, minerals, and nutrients with the evolving plant community.

“Wetland primary production is re-established through interactions of soil microbes, minerals, and nutrients with the evolving plant community, whether planted or derived from natural sources in the ecosystem.”

Initially, remnant plants intolerant of restored environmental conditions are eliminated.

“Initially, remnant plants intolerant of restored environmental conditions are eliminated (Burdick et al. 1997), in some cases producing surfaces with few vascular plants analogous to mine reclamation, the origin of restoration ecology (Bradshaw 1987).”

• cites Burdick et al. 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Sites with less-disturbed conditions are incorporated as reference sites or targets for the trajectories of restored sites.

“Sites with less-disturbed conditions are incorporated as reference sites or targets for the trajectories of restored sites (Raposa et al. 2018).”

• cites Raposa et al. 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The density of restoration projects can produce space-crowding effects through ecosystem processes such as water flow.

“There are theoretical limits on the maximum restoration benefit for a given geographic area, and the density of restoration projects can produce space-crowding effects through ecosystem processes (eg water flow; Diefenderfer et al. 2012).”

• cites Diefenderfer et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Advanced wastewater and stormwater treatment since the 1970s reduced total nitrogen inputs into Tampa Bay by 90%.

“Advanced wastewater and stormwater treatment since the 1970s reduced total nitrogen (N) inputs into the Bay by 90%.”

• cites Greening et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Infrastructure in urbanized or otherwise highly engineered basins influences basin-scale processes and flow dynamics, and consequently the trajectories of functional development at restored sites.

“Infrastructure in urbanized or otherwise highly engineered basins influences basin-scale processes and flow dynamics, and consequently the trajectories of functional development at restored sites (Simenstad and Thom 1996).”

• cites Simenstad and Thom 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

When stormwater systems are designed to maximize efficient transport, event-driven spikes in land-use-related contaminants limit the potential for downstream ecosystem restoration and species recovery.

“When stormwater systems are designed to maximize efficient transport, event-driven spikes in land-use-related contaminants limit the potential for downstream ecosystem restoration and species recovery.”

On the Missouri River, newly created sandbar or reservoir shoreline habitats attract breeding pairs of piping plover and least tern.

“On the Missouri River, newly created sandbar or reservoir shoreline habitats attract breeding pairs of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sternula antillarum) (Figure 5, a and b).”

Thresholds are often difficult to measure or predict.

“Although thresholds are often difficult to measure or predict (Groffman et al. 2006), understanding the thresholds that determine alternative states is necessary to drive management decisions (WebTable 1).”

• cites Groffman et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

For effective large-scale restoration to be triggered by smaller actions, the system state must be moved past conditions such as the critical light availability thresholds separating seagrass and algal systems.

“For effective large-scale restoration to be triggered by smaller actions, the system state must be moved past conditions such as the critical light availability thresholds separating seagrass and algal systems.”

Seagrasses increase the deposition of sediments suspended in water.

“Seagrasses increase the deposition of sediments suspended in water, limit the resuspension of bottom sediments, and capture nutrients that would otherwise promote algal growth.”

Seagrasses capture nutrients that would otherwise promote algal growth.

“Seagrasses increase the deposition of sediments suspended in water, limit the resuspension of bottom sediments, and capture nutrients that would otherwise promote algal growth.”

Seagrasses limit the resuspension of bottom sediments.

“Seagrasses increase the deposition of sediments suspended in water, limit the resuspension of bottom sediments, and capture nutrients that would otherwise promote algal growth.”

The compounding effects of managing environmental factors, including the hydropattern, water quality, and spatial extent of contiguous habitat, control the production and concentration of prey in high-quality habitat patches.

“The compounding effects of managing environmental factors, including the hydropattern, water quality, and spatial extent of contiguous habitat, control the production and concentration of prey in high-quality habitat patches (Figure 3).”

Increased implementation of stormwater treatment projects combined with the phase-out of the stormwater-borne contaminant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) led to the reduction of PBDEs in Puget Sound harbor seals.

“Increased implementation of stormwater treatment projects combined with the phase-out of the stormwater-borne contaminant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) led to the reduction of PBDEs in Puget Sound harbor seals (Phoca vitulina; Ross et al. 2013).”

• cites Ross et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

At large scales, restoration outcomes are more complex and synergistic than the additive impacts of individual restoration projects.

“At large scales, outcomes are more complex and synergistic than the additive impacts of individual restoration projects.”

There are theoretical limits on the maximum restoration benefit for a given geographic area.

“There are theoretical limits on the maximum restoration benefit for a given geographic area, and the density of restoration projects can produce space-crowding effects through ecosystem processes (eg water flow; Diefenderfer et al. 2012).”

Applying cumulative effects together with an ecosystem science foundation helps address programmatic questions in large-scale restoration programs.

“Applying cumulative effects together with an ecosystem science foundation helps to address programmatic questions in large-scale restoration programs (WebTable 1).”

• cites WebTable 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In the Atchafalaya River Delta, Louisiana, hydrogeomorphic process domains occur across scales from the province to the basin and marsh.

“In the Atchafalaya River Delta, Louisiana, a reference ecosystem on the Gulf of Mexico coast, hydrogeomorphic process domains occur across scales from the province to the basin and marsh”

• cites Twilley et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Despite short hydrodynamic forcing time scales such as tidal, the restoration of geomorphology through ecosystem responses associated with erosion and deposition is usually gradual.

“Despite short hydrodynamic forcing time scales (eg tidal), the restoration of geomorphology through ecosystem responses associated with erosion and deposition is usually gradual.”

These tools allow managers to move beyond prioritizing potential restoration actions or areas in isolation and instead investigate the collective outcome of alternative suites of projects.

“These tools allow managers to move beyond prioritizing potential restoration actions or areas in an isolated manner and instead investigate the collective outcome of alternative suites of projects.”

Non-linear indirect effects are to be expected in watersheds and on coasts.

“Non-linear indirect effects are to be expected in watersheds and on coasts (Allan 2004).”

• cites Allan 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Managing the timing of ecosystem stressors and drivers while depending on natural processes to complete recovery results in time-lag and time-crowding effects.

“Managing the timing of ecosystem stressors and drivers while depending on natural processes to complete recovery results in time-lag and time-crowding effects (Table 1; Carpenter and Turner 2001).”

• cites Carpenter and Turner 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Vegetation and soils take more time to develop a variety of functions, such as biodiversity, carbon storage, resistance to erosion, control of invasive species, microbial activity, and organic matter export.

“Vegetation and soils take more time to develop a variety of functions, such as biodiversity, carbon storage, resistance to erosion, control of invasive species, microbial activity, and organic matter export.”

During restoration, ecosystems respond to disturbances and trends in climate, geological and hydrological processes, and land use, which complicates distinguishing restoration effects from natural variability and other drivers.

“During restoration, ecosystems respond to disturbances and trends in climate, geological and hydrological processes, and land use, which complicates the job of distinguishing the effects of restoration activities from natural variability and other drivers (Luoma et al. 2001).”

• cites Luoma et al. 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Pulsing could overcome some of the impacts of diversion-related salinity reduction on fisheries species.

“Pulsing could overcome some of the impacts of diversion-related salinity reduction on fisheries species”

• cites de Mutsert et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Some research tools have the potential to be cost-effectively repurposed for ecosystem restoration.

“some have the potential to be cost-effectively repurposed for ecosystem restoration”

The frequency, duration, timing, and magnitude of river flows altered by restoration and management affect sensitive systems and organisms.

“The frequency, duration, timing, and magnitude of river flows altered by restoration and management affect sensitive systems and organisms (Allan 2004).”

• cites Allan 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The history of impacts on an ecosystem helps point to likely modes of cumulative effects of restoration.

“Yet the history of impacts on an ecosystem helps point to likely modes of cumulative effects of restoration.”

Using spatial analysis and modeling to incorporate cumulative-effects mechanisms in forecasting may help avoid unintended consequences and leverage system thresholds and positive feedback between projects to produce dramatic changes in system state.

“Using spatial analysis and modeling to incorporate cumulative-effects mechanisms in forecasting may help to avoid unintended consequences and leverage system thresholds and positive feedback between projects to produce dramatic changes in system state (Groffman et al. 2006).”

• cites Groffman et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Without new sediment, river deltas cannot maintain themselves against relative sea-level rise.

“Without new sediment, river deltas cannot maintain themselves against relative sea-level rise (Paola et al. 2011).”

• cites Paola et al. 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Numerous examples demonstrate the response of coastal marshes to tidal flow restoration.

“Numerous examples demonstrate the response of coastal marshes to tidal flow restoration (Roman and Burdick 2012).”

• cites Roman and Burdick 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Useful tools for capturing interactions across landscapes include conceptual models, analytical frameworks, scenario planning, specialized indices, spatial information, and quantitative hydrogeomorphic and ecological modeling methods.

“Useful tools for capturing interactions across landscapes include conceptual models, analytical frameworks, scenario planning, specialized indices (Nagel et al. 2018), spatial information, and quantitative hydrogeomorphic and ecological modeling methods (WebTable 3).”

• cites Nagel et al. 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites WebTable 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

After eelgrass was planted at two locations in the Gulf of Maine, the development of the eelgrass bed canopy height and biomass over 8 years was followed by increased fish species richness.

“After eelgrass was planted at two locations in the Gulf of Maine, the development of the eelgrass bed canopy height and biomass over 8 years was followed by increased fish species richness (Evans and Short 2005).”

• cites Evans and Short 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Study areas of the largest landscape scales interact with one another.

“Even study areas of the largest landscape scales interact with one another”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Mississippi River Delta receives only a fraction of the vast quantities of sediment historically transported via the Missouri River.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Mississippi River Delta and Missouri River restoration areas are not jointly managed for collective objectives.