Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health
Open accessAbstract
The international sharing of virus data is critical for protecting populations against lethal infectious disease outbreaks. Scientists must rapidly share information to assess the nature of the threat and develop new medical countermeasures. Governments need the data to trace the extent of the outbreak, initiate public health responses, and coordinate access to medicines and vaccines. Recent outbreaks suggest, however, that the sharing of such data cannot be taken for granted – making the timely international exchange of virus data a vital global challenge. This article undertakes the first analysis of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data as an innovative policy effort to promote the international sharing of genetic and associated influenza virus data. Based on more than 20 semi‐structured interviews conducted with key informants in the international community, coupled with analysis of a wide range of primary and secondary sources, the article finds that the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data contributes to global health in at least five ways: (1) collating the most complete repository of high‐quality influenza data in the world; (2) facilitating the rapid sharing of potentially pandemic virus information during recent outbreaks; (3) supporting the World Health Organization's biannual seasonal flu vaccine strain selection process; (4) developing informal mechanisms for conflict resolution around the sharing of virus data; and (5) building greater trust with several countries key to global pandemic preparedness.
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The panel also included circulating variant residues K417N, Y453F, S477R, N501Y, and D614G, some linked to rapidly rising case counts.
“Additionally, K417N, Y453F, S477R, N501Y, and D614G represent circulating variants some of which have been associated with rapidly increasing case numbers14,15,19,33–35.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
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Deng, X., Gu, W., Federman, S., du Plessis, L., Pybus, O. G., Faria, N. R., Wang, C., Yu, G., Bushnell, B., Pan, C., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb9263 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift
Cameroni, E., Bowen, J. E., Rosen, L. E., Saliba, C., Zepeda, S. K., Culap, K., Pinto, D., VanBlargan, L. A., Marco, A. D., di Iulio, J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03825-4 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Ongoing global and regional adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Rochman, N. D., Wolf, Y. I., Faure, G., Mutz, P., Zhang, F., & Koonin, E. V. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104241118 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa
Viana, R. P. E. S., Moyo, S. M., Amoako, D. G., Tegally, H., Scheepers, C., Althaus, C. L., Anyaneji, U. J., Bester, P. A., Boni, M. F., Chand, M., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.21268028 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant
Bernal, J. L., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658 · Cited by 2,888 · see citing works
Evolutionary analysis of the Delta and Delta Plus variants of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses
Kannan, S. R., Spratt, A. N., Cohen, A. R., Naqvi, S. H., Chand, H. S., Quinn, T. P., Lorson, C. L., Byrareddy, S. N., & Singh, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102715 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Deng, X., Garcia-Knight, M. A., Khalid, M. M., Servellita, V., Wang, C., Morris, M. K., Sotomayor-González, A., Glasner, D. R., Reyes, K. R., Gliwa, A. S., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.21252647 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Simplified Cas13-based assays for the fast identification of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants
Arizti-Sanz, J., Bradley, A. Y., Zhang, Y. B., Boehm, C. K., Freije, C. A., Grunberg, M. E., Kosoko-Thoroddsen, T.-S. F., Welch, N. L., Pillai, P. P., Mantena, S., et al. (2022) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00889-z · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Sequence analysis of the emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variant Omicron in South Africa
Wang, L., & Cheng, G. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27516 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Mutational data and epidemiological data from South Africa, Botswana, and Hong Kong were obtained from CoVariants and GISAID.8,10”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOoi, K. H., Liu, M. M., Tay, D. J. W., Teo, S. Y., Kaewsapsak, P., Jin, S., Lee, C. K., Hou, J., Maurer‐Stroh, S., Lin, W., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21996-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: Unique features and their impact on pre-existing antibodies
Kannan, S. R., Spratt, A. N., Sharma, K., Chand, H. S., Byrareddy, S. N., & Singh, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102779 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351/501Y-V2 with grinch
O’Toole, A. N., Hill, V., Pybus, O. G., Watts, A., Bogoch, I. I., Khan, K., Messina, J. P., Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA), Brazil-UK CADDE Genomic Network, Tegally, H., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16661.2 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Omicron: What Makes the Latest SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern So Concerning?
Jung, C., Kmieć, D., Koepke, L., Zech, F., Jacob, T., Sparrer, K. M. J., & Kirchhoff, F. (2022) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02077-21 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Sequences were obtained from GISAID and NCBI virus databases (96, 97) and aligned to Wuhan Hu-1 strain (NCBI: NC_045512.”
MethodComparative transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Alpha in New England, USA
Earnest, R., Uddin, R., Matluk, N. N., Renzette, N., Turbett, S. E., Siddle, K. J., Loreth, C., Adams, G. C., Tomkins-Tinch, C. H., Petrone, M. E., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100583 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351/501Y-V2
O'Toole, Á., Hill, V., Pybus, O. G., Watts, A., Bogoch, I. I., Khan, K., Messina, J. P., The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium, Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA), Brazil-UK CADDE Genomic Network, et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16661.1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes
Sanderson, T., Hisner, R., Donovan-Banfield, I., Hartman, H. B., Løchen, A., Peacock, T. P., & Ruis, C. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06649-6 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“We looked for evidence of such a signal in global sequencing databases by analysing a mutation-annotated tree derived from McBroome et al. 22 , containing more than 15 million SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) 23 and the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Co…”
MethodThe architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome inside virion
Cao, C., Cai, Z., Xiao, X., Rao, J. Y., Chen, J., Hu, N., Yang, M., Xing, X., Wang, Y., Li, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22785-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Liu, R., Wu, P., Ogrodzki, P., Mahmoud, S., Liang, K., Liu, P., Francis, S. S., Khalak, H. G., Liu, D., Li, J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92851-3 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Viral variant-resolved wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at national scale
Amman, F., Markt, R., Endler, L., Hupfauf, S., Agerer, B., Schedl, A., Richter, L., Zechmeister, M., Bicher, M., Heiler, G., et al. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01387-y · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants
Dearlove, B. L., Lewitus, É., Bai, H., Li, Y., Reeves, D. B., Joyce, M. G., Scott, P. T., Amare, M. F., Vasan, S., Michael, N. L., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008281117 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Butler, D., Mozsary, C., Meydan, C., Foox, J., Rosiene, J. A., Shaiber, A., Danko, D., Afshinnekoo, E., MacKay, M. J., Sedlazeck, F. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21361-7 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Main protease mutants of SARS-CoV-2 variants remain susceptible to nirmatrelvir
Ullrich, S., Ekanayake, K. B., Otting, G., & Nitsche, C. (2022) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128629 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 evolution in an immunocompromised host reveals shared neutralization escape mechanisms
Clark, S., Clark, L., Pan, J., Coscia, A., McKay, L. G. A., Shankar, S., Johnson, R. I., Brusic, V., Choudhary, M., Regan, J., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.027 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The WHO global influenza surveillance and response system ( GISRS )—A future perspective
Hay, A. J., & McCauley, J. W. (2018) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12565 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia
Delaune, D., Hul, V., Karlsson, E. A., Hassanin, A., Ou, T. P., Baidaliuk, A., Gámbaro, F., Prot, M., Tú, V. T., Chea, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26809-4 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
One year update on the COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we now?
Mishra, S. K., & Tripathi, T. (2020) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105778 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Transmission event of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant reveals multiple vaccine breakthrough infections
Farinholt, T., Doddapaneni, H., Qin, X., Menon, V. K., Meng, Q., Metcalf, G., Chao, H., Gingras, M., Avadhanula, V., Farinholt, P., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02103-4 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 gene content and COVID-19 mutation impact by comparing 44 Sarbecovirus genomes
Jungreis, I., Sealfon, R. S. G., & Kellis, M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22905-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Predicting the mutational drivers of future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Maher, M. C., Bartha, I., Weaver, S., di Iulio, J., Ferri, E., Soriaga, L. B., Lempp, F. A., Hie, B., Bryson, B. D., Berger, B., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abk3445 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The Evolution and Biology of SARS-CoV-2 VariantsPreprint
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Triggle, C. R., Bansal, D., Ding, H., Islam, M. M., Farag, E., Hadi, H. A., & Sultan, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Kinetics and correlates of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans
Vanshylla, K., Di Cristanziano, V., Kleipass, F., Dewald, F., Schommers, P., Gieselmann, L., Gruell, H., Schlotz, M., Ercanoglu, M. S., Stumpf, R., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
High-throughput sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater provides insights into circulating variants
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Molecular insights into receptor binding of recent emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
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Microstructure, pathophysiology, and potential therapeutics of COVID‐19: A comprehensive review
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Nucleocapsid mutations in SARS-CoV-2 augment replication and pathogenesis
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Handheld Point-of-Care System for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Extracted RNA in under 20 min
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Full-genome sequences of the first two SARS-CoV-2 viruses from India
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- Authors
- Elbe, S., & Buckland‐Merrett, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Elbe, Stefan
- ORCID
- Elbe, Stefan
- Venue
- Global Challenges
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-46
- ISSN
- 2056-6646 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6607375
- OpenAlex
- W2587970647
- Cited by
- 1,928
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 460 · 2021: 530 · 2020: 246 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 187.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Global Challenges (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Global Security and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Science and Diplomacy
- Keywords
- GISAID, international data sharing, pandemic preparedness, global health policy, influenza surveillance, World Health Organization, conflict resolution, trust building, infectious disease outbreaks
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