Microstructure, pathophysiology, and potential therapeutics of COVID‐19: A comprehensive review
Open accessAbstract
There have been over seven million cases and almost 413 372 deaths globally due to the novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) associated disease COVID‐19, as of 11 June 2020. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that there is a common source for these infections. The overall sequence similarities between the spike protein of 2019‐nCoV and that of SARS‐CoV are known to be around 76% to 78% and 73% to 76% for the whole protein and receptor‐binding domain (RBD), respectively. Thus, they have the potential to serve as the drug and/or vaccine candidate. However, the individual response against 2019‐nCoV differs due to genetic variations in the human population. Understanding the variations in angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that may affect the severity of 2019‐nCoV infection could help in identifying individuals at a higher risk from the COVID‐19. A number of potential drugs/vaccines as well as antibody/cytokine‐based therapeutics are in various developmental stages of preclinical/clinical trials against SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and 2019‐nCoV with substantial cross‐reactivity, and may be used against COVID‐19. For diagnosis, the reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard test for initial diagnosis of COVID‐19. A kit based on serological tests are also recommended for investigating the spread of COVID‐19 but this is challenging due to the antibodies cross‐reactivity. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent reports available regarding the host‐pathogen interaction, morphological and genomic structure of the virus, and the diagnostic techniques as well as the available potential therapeutics against COVID‐19.
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The S2 subunit comprises FP, HR, CH, CD, TMD, CT, and is responsible for mediating fusion between virus and host cell membrane.
“The S2 subunit comprises the fusion peptide (FP), double heptad repeat (HR), central helix region (CH), connector domain (CD), transmembrane domain (TMD), and cytoplasmic tail (CT), and the S2 subunit is responsible for mediating the fusion between the virus and the host cell membrane233–236”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [235]
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COVID-19 and Hearing: Pure Tone, Speech, and High-Frequency Audiometry
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Bertollo, A. G., Dalazen, J. B., Cassol, J. V., Hellmann, M. B., Mota, T. L., Ignácio, Z. M., & Bagatini, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-024-02292-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Testes sorológicos no diagnóstico da Covid-19
de Assis, L. C., Souza, T. I. M. E., Aninger, G. T., & Moura, A. S. (2021) · Conexão Ciência (Online) · doi:10.24862/cco.v15i4.1312 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Association of Chest X- ray findings with SARS-CoV-2 severity
Sidhwani, S. K., Raza, S. A., Zaina, F., Abbas, A. H., Shaikh, O. A., & Manan, S. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs2216888 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protocolo de reabilitação da síndrome pós-COVID-19 na atenção primária
Batista, A. R., Mendes, D. D. S., de Lima, F. A., da Silva, G. G., Marcate, T. B., & Faganello, F. R. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i13.35400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unpacking COVID-19 Systems Biology in Lung and Whole Blood with Transcriptomics and miRNA Regulators
Anatolou, D., Dovrolis, N., Ragia, G., Kolios, G. C., & Manolopoulos, V. G. (2022) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2022.0104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2020) · Revista Paulista de Reumatologia · doi:10.46833/reumatologiasp.2020.19.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biomarcadores y mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes del servicio de urgencias respiratorias
Sánchez-Sánchez, P. I., Jarquín, P. S., Vázquez, M. D. L. L. L., la Peña, E. C.-D., & Cuatepotzo-Xochihua, D. (2021) · Revista de Educaci�n e Investigaci�n en Emergencias · doi:10.24875/reie.21000022
Diabetes mellitus y COVID-19: ¿Un ciclo vicioso?
Flores-Díaz, A., & Hinojosa-Pérez, B. (2021) · REMUS - Revista Estudiantil de Medicina de la Universidad de Sonora · doi:10.59420/remus.6.2021.6
- Authors
- Singh, S. P., Pritam, M., Pandey, B., & Yadav, T. P.
- Affiliations
- Mahatma Gandhi Central University (IN)
- Amity University (IN)
- Banaras Hindu University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Satarudra Prakash
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Virology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-07-15
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 275-299
- ISSN
- 0146-6615 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9071
- PMC
- PMC7361355
- OpenAlex
- W3039007826
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, host-pathogen interaction, viral genome, spike protein, receptor binding domain, ACE2, disease severity, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, cross-reactivity, therapeutics, vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, cytokine therapy, RT-PCR diagnosis, serological tests, antibody cross-reactivity
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Chiroptera, Cross Reactions, Humans, Phylogeny, Receptors, Virus, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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