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fMRI evidence for multisensory recruitment associated with rapid eye movements during sleep.
Open accessAbstract
We studied the neural correlates of rapid eye movement during sleep (REM) by timing REMs from video recording and using rapid event‐related functional MRI. Consistent with the hypothesis that REMs share the brain systems and mechanisms with waking eye movements and are visually‐targeted saccades, we found REM‐locked activation in the primary visual cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), ‘visual claustrum’, retrosplenial cortex (RSC, only on the right hemisphere), fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and the oculomotor circuit that controls awake saccadic eye movements (and subserves awake visuospatial attention). Unexpectedly, robust activation also occurred in non‐visual sensory cortices, motor cortex, language areas, and the ascending reticular activating system, including basal forebrain, the major source of cholinergic input to the entire cortex. REM‐associated activation of these areas, especially non‐visual primary sensory cortices, TRN and claustrum, parallels findings from waking studies on the interactions between multiple sensory data, and their ‘binding’ into a unified percept, suggesting that these mechanisms are also shared in waking and dreaming and that the sharing goes beyond the expected visual scanning mechanisms. Surprisingly, REMs were associated with a decrease in signal in specific periventricular subregions, matching the distribution of the serotonergic supraependymal plexus. REMs might serve as a useful task‐free probe into major brain systems for functional brain imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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“In short, two lines of research that initially appeared to contradict each other now converge on the view that REMs are involved in both the scanning and generation of dream imagery (Hong et al., 2009).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2009
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“Finally, REM-locked activation is seen in primary somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, vestibular cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, and superior temporal gyrus (Hong et al., 2009).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2009
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“Instead, REM-locked multisensory recruitment may reflect top-down priming of sensory cortex (Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand, 1999; Calvert and Thesen, 2004; Hong et al., 2009).”
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“Rapid eye movement-locked activation in the primary sensory (olfactory or somatosensory) cortex does not necessarily correspond to an olfactory or somatosensory dream experience (Hong et al., 2009).”
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“First, REM-locked activation is greater in the posterior left hemisphere (Hong et al., 2009) that appears to be crucial for generation of dream imagery (Farah, 1984).”
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“Second, REM-locked activation in language areas speaks to the involvement of association (semantic) cortex (Hong et al., 2009) and its reciprocal interaction with lower (sensory) cortex (e.g., Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand, 1999).”
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“…in human subjects suggest that REMs are visually targeted eye movements – commanded by the forebrain – in response to visual dream images (Roffwarg et al., 1962; Herman Frontiers in Psychology | Cognitive Science October 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1133 | 10 et al., 1984; Hong et al., 1995, 2009).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hong, C. C., Harris, J. C., Pearlson, G. D., Kim, J., Calhoun, V. D., Fallon, J. H., Golay, X., Gillen, J. S., Simmonds, D. J., van Zijl, P. C. M., Zee, D. S., & Pekar, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Hartford Hospital (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hong, Charles Chong‐Hwa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-10-28
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1705-1722
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC2753360
- OpenAlex
- W2141802213
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 43326, R01MH043326)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB000840, R01EB020407, R01EB005846, P41EB015909, R01EB004130, R01EB006841)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR-00052, P41RR15241, P41RR015241, M01RR000052)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- REM sleep, saccades, primary visual cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus, retrosplenial cortex, fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, ascending reticular activating system, cholinergic input, multisensory integration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Afferent Pathways, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electrooculography, Female, Fingers, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Sensation, Sleep, Sleep, REM, Video Recording, Polysomnography, Young Adult
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