Waking and dreaming consciousness: neurobiological and functional considerations.
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a theoretical review of rapid eye movement sleep with a special focus on pontine-geniculate-occipital waves and what they might tell us about the functional anatomy of sleep and consciousness. In particular, we review established ideas about the nature and purpose of sleep in terms of protoconsciousness and free energy minimization. By combining these theoretical perspectives, we discover answers to some fundamental questions about sleep: for example, why is homeothermy suspended during sleep? Why is sleep necessary? Why are we not surprised by our dreams? What is the role of synaptic regression in sleep? The imperatives for sleep that emerge also allow us to speculate about the functional role of PGO waves and make some empirical predictions that can, in principle, be tested using recent advances in the modeling of electrophysiological data.
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Physiologically, cholinergic discharges enable the promulgation of ascending prediction errors at intermediate levels of the cortical hierarchy, while aminergic neuromodulation suppresses or gates ascending sensory input at the sensory level.
“Physiologically, it appears that cholinergic discharges enable the promulgation of ascending prediction errors at intermediate levels of the cortical hierarchy, while aminergic neuromodulation suppresses or gates ascending sensory input at the sensory level (Hobson and Friston, 2012).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCholinergic modulation may play an important role in modulating and gating prediction error signals, a role associated with attention in waking and neurochemical modulation of hierarchical cortical processing during sleep.
“From the perspectives of the AIM model and predictive coding, cholinergic modulation may play an important role in modulating and gating prediction errors signals – a role that has been associated with the deployment of attention in waking (Feldman and Friston, 2010) and the neurochemical modulation of hierarchical cortical processing during sleep (Hobson and Friston, 2012).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
Synaptic homoeostasis (and regression) during sleep is a manifestation of model optimization.
“There have also been proposals that synaptic homoeostasis (and regression) during sleep is a manifestation of model optimization (Hobson and Friston, 2012).”
From Active Inference, homeostatic regulation and adaptive behavioural control (2015) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
The imperative to reduce complexity during sleep may be greater for the (complicated) brains of mammals (and birds).
“As noted in Hobson and Friston (2012), the imperative to reduce complexity during sleep may be greater for the (complicated) brains of mammals (and birds).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
Sleep is necessary to minimize complexity in order to ensure that our models are optimal during waking.
“Physiologically, we have suggested that sleep is necessary to minimize complexity in order to ensure that our models are optimal during waking.”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
REM-locked multisensory recruitment suggests that top-down predictions-eliciting REM and PGO waves-involve visual and non-visual components of the cortical hierarchy.
“REM-locked multisensory recruitment suggests that top-down predictions – eliciting REM and PGO waves – involve visual and non-visual components of the cortical hierarchy (Hobson and Friston, 2012).”
From Virtual reality and consciousness inference in dreaming (2014) · cites this paper as Hobson and Friston, 2012
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Cites
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“The relatively common experience of movement and conversation/thinking in dreams suggests that fi ctive proprioceptive and sensorimotor sensations are also operative and generated (53).”
- Authors
- Hobson, J. A., & Friston, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Friston, K.J.
- ORCID
- Friston, K.J.
- Venue
- Progress in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-98
- ISSN
- 0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3389346
- OpenAlex
- W2099505143
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH
- NSF
- John D. and Catherine T. Mac Arthur Foundation
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- REM sleep, PGO waves, consciousness, proto-consciousness, free energy principle, homeothermy, dreams
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Consciousness, Dreams, Geniculate Bodies, Humans, Models, Biological, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Occipital Lobe, Pons, Wakefulness
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