Education mediates microstructural changes in bilateral hippocampus
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Education has been extensively considered an influential factor in the modulation of interindividual differences in cognitive performance and cerebral structure. Consequently, education has been linked to the concept of reserve, which refers to an unspecified aspect of brain structure or function that enables people with more education to cope better with brain pathology or age‐related changes. Nevertheless, the education‐related neural mechanisms involved in reserve are still not completely understood. In this study, 150 healthy subjects were submitted to a comprehensive sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive assessment, and a high‐resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging scan protocol. Data of micro‐ (mean diffusivity, MD) and macro‐ (volume) structural changes of six bilateral deep gray matter structures (thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus) were analyzed with reference to years of formal education. Results show that decreased MD in both left and right hippocampi was the only structural parameter that, along with decreasing age, significantly correlated with higher education. The present findings suggest that the hippocampal formation might be one site where education‐mediated microstructural changes occur, possibly compensating for cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Proxy measures of reserve may engage different neural mechanisms, each important for a different aspect of reserve, such as neural capacity or neural efficiency.
“In addition, it is likely that proxy measures of reserve may engage different neural mechanisms, each important for a different aspect reserve, such neural capacity (the total amount of neural resources available for cognition) or neural efficiency (using less neural resources—often operationalized as neural activity—to perform a cognitive task).54,56”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
The Introduction (page not specified) distinguishes reserve capacity in a threshold model from more efficient use of brain networks in an active model. It also identifies education as a reserve proxy, but does not say that different proxy measures engage different neural mechanisms or correspond to different aspects of reserve. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGenetic and environmental factors, including longer education, greater physical activity, demanding leisure activities, and bilingualism, affect individual differences in reserve.
“Genetic55 and environmental factors,54,56 including longer education,32 greater physical activity,57 active participation in demanding leisure activities58 and bilingualism59,60 impact individual differences in reserve.”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Piras, F., Cherubini, A., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G.
- Affiliations
- Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-13
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 282-289
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870355
- OpenAlex
- W1971429549
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- education, hippocampus, brain reserve, white matter microstructure, mean diffusivity, deep gray matter, cognitive aging, cognitive decline, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Educational Status, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neuronal Plasticity, Regression Analysis, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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