Genes controlling skeletal muscle glucose uptake and their regulation by endurance and resistance exercise
Open accessAbstract
Exercise improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Due to that, exercise has become a cornerstone treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms by which exercise improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity are, however, incompletely understood. We conducted a systematic review to identify all genes whose gain or loss of function alters skeletal muscle glucose uptake. We subsequently cross‐referenced these genes with recently generated data sets on exercise‐induced gene expression and signaling. Our search revealed 176 muscle glucose‐uptake genes, meaning that their genetic manipulation altered glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Notably, exercise regulates the expression or phosphorylation of more than 50% of the glucose‐uptake genes or their protein products. This included many genes that previously have not been associated with exercise‐induced insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, endurance and resistance exercise triggered some common but mostly unique changes in expression and phosphorylation of glucose‐uptake genes or their protein products. Collectively, our work provides a resource of potentially new molecular effectors that play a role in the incompletely understood regulation of muscle insulin sensitivity by exercise.
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Systematic search found that transgenesis of Mstn, Foxc2, Fst, Ccn5, Cpt1b, Hdac3, Insr, Steap4, Igfbp3, Tnfsf11, Inpp5k, and Nos2 affects both skeletal muscle glucose uptake and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice, confirming an overlap of underlying regulatory mechanisms.
“We found that the transgenesis of Mstn, Foxc2, Fst, Ccn5, Cpt1b, Hdac3, Insr, Steap4, Igfbp3, Tnfsf11, Inpp5k, and Nos2 affects both skeletal muscle glucose uptake and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice, confirming an overlap of the underlying regulatory mechanisms.”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [177]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Verbrugge, S. A. J., Alhusen, J. A., Kempin, S., Pillon, N. J., Rozman, J., Wackerhage, H., & Kleinert, M.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Genetics (CZ)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Verbrugge, Sander A. J.
- Wackerhage, Henning
- Kleinert, Maximilian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-11-23
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 202-214
- ISSN
- 0730-2312 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4644
- OpenAlex
- W3216751011
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KL 3285/2‐1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, type 2 diabetes, endurance exercise, resistance training, exercise-induced gene expression, protein phosphorylation, genetic engineering
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Physical Endurance, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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