The effectiveness of self-administered treatments: a practice-friendly review of the research
Abstract
Self-administered treatments are a cost-effective way to treat a broad spectrum of people. This article focuses on the existing research of self-administered treatments and their effectiveness when integrated with ongoing practice or when implemented alone. Evidence for their effectiveness is mixed; self-help has been proven successful in the treatment of depression, mild alcohol abuse, and anxiety disorders. It has proven less successful for smoking cessation and moderate to severe alcohol abuse. When determining whether self-administered treatment is appropriate, individual characteristics and attitude as well as the nature and severity of the problem should be taken into consideration. In addition, because many self-help treatments have not been evaluated, caution should be exercised when implementing self-administered treatment, and progress should be carefully monitored.
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Self-help interventions have enormous potential to maximize scalability because of their low cost and flexibility in terms of the times in which they can be used, and their ability to overcome system-related barriers and attitudinal barriers.
“Self-help interventions have enormous potential to maximize scalability because of their low cost and flexibility in terms of the times in which they can be used, and their ability to overcome system-related barriers (e.g. long waiting list) and attitudinal barriers (e.g. embarrassment, preference for self-management) (Czyz et al., 2013; Levin et al., 2016; Mains and Scogin, 2003).”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Mains and Scogin, 2003
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“…and internal locus of control; more intense professional treatment for the severely disturbed, defensive client, with reading and concentration problems, multiple diagnoses, and lack of social support, etc. (Beutler et al., 1991; Cuijpers, 1998; Mahalik & Kivlighan, 1988; Mains & Scogin, 2003).”
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“…through libraries and schools, for all youth including ethnic minorities (Christensen et al., 2002; Clarke, 2002; Crutzen et al., 2008; Cuijpers et al., 2005; Gillham et al., 2000; Gray et al., 2002; Kaltenthaler et al., 2002; Mains and Scogin, 2003, Merry et al., 2004; Van Voorhees et al., 2007a).”
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“Bibliotherapy may also be a particularly appealing intervention for individuals who may otherwise avoid seeking treatment because of the stigma associated with traditional psychotherapy (Mains and Scogin, 2003).”
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“…references were examined for 17 reviews previously published on computer-delivered or self-help treatments for anxiety disorders or OCD specifically (Mains & Scogin, 2003; Newman et al. 2003, 2011; Barlow et al. 2005; Hirai & Clum, 2006; Mataix-Cols & Marks, 2006; Spek et al. 2007; Tumur et al.…”
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“It appears more successful with depression, anxiety disorders, and alcohol abuse, and less so with severe alcohol abuse or smoking cessation (eg, Apodaca, & Miller, 2003; Mains & Scogin, 2003 ).”
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“In general, it has been suggested that self-directed programs that incorporate multimedia such as telephone calls, computers, audio or videotapes, as well as some level of therapist contact, are more effective than self-help materials alone (Mains & Scogin, 2003; Marrs, 1995).”
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“…for bibliotherapy – those with good literacy and levels of education (Luddy & Martin, 2007, p. 77; Safeer & Keenan, 2005; Williams, 2001), as well as those who have ‘high motivation, resourcefulness, and (a) positive attitude towards self-help’ (Luddy & Martin, 2007, p. 76; Mains & Scogin, 2003).”
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“Self-help and psychoeducation may also be harmful (Crawford, 2004), and the possible negative effects of many of these interventions have not been studied (Ellis, 1993), and those that have tend to be less effective for more severe issues (Mains & Scogin, 2003).”
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“Mains and Scogin (2003) asserted that because some families do not have access to mental health services, bibliotherapy in the classroom can help disadvantaged students to receive emotional and social skill development and supports they otherwise might not receive.”
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“The present findings of a moderate effect are consistent with findings of the moderate effects of self-help books prescribed by mental health professionals (see, e.g., Gregory et al., 2004; Mains & Scogin, 2003; McKendree-Smith et al., 2003).”
ResultBIBLIOTHERAPY AS AN ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT
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“17,18 Financial constraints and insuf fi cient clinical resources further limit access to SLT, creating a signi fi cant unmet demand for treatment.”
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Professional reading and the education of military leaders
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“Research like that by Jackson (2001) and Mains and Scogin (2003) has shown the impact of reading on metal discipline and emotional adjustment and the therapeutic value of targeted rea ing on some disorders.”
BackgroundKarademi̇r, A., & Duman, Z. Ç. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152084
Kha, R., Jin, I., Tang, D., Liew, G., Craig, A., Burlutsky, G., Mitchell, P., & Gopinath, B. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72523
“There is evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the effectiveness of M-CBT in a diverse range of conditions [15,16].”
Jin, I., Kha, R., Tang, D., Liew, G., Craig, A., Burlutsky, G., Mitchell, P., & Gopinath, B. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/8jyanc
Boudreault, C., & Giroux, I. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2018.38.5
“Typically, self-help treatments constitute a form of preventive intervention intended for low to moderate risk problem gamblers (Gainsbury, Hing, Suhonen, 2014; Mains & Scogin, 2003; Pulford et al., 2009b; Pulford et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Obstetrician-Gynecologist's Role in Detecting, Preventing, and Treating Depression.
Taslimi, M., & Dashtban, G. K. (2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002081
Prikkelbaredarmsyndroom: zelfmanagement met een pocketcomputer
Oerlemans, S., van Cranenburgh, O. V., Herremans, P.-J., Spreeuwenberg, P., & van Dulmen, S. (2012) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/s12445-012-0057-z
Evaluación de la adherencia a un tratamiento conductual para dejar de fumar: análisis de casos
Miguez, C., & Becoña, E. (2011) · doi:10.33776/amc.v37i155-156.1315
Technological Interventions for Depression
Cuijpers, P. J., Karyotaki, E., & Riper, H. M. (2020) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00027-3
Lussier-Valade, M., Ngô, T.-L., & Leblanc, J.-L. (2019) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1073525ar
Promoting Treatment Engagement with Specific Populations: Depression
Barrett, M. C., Stayton, L., & Naugle, A. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49206-3_10
- Authors
- Mains, J. A., & Scogin, F. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scogin, Forrest R.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-01-27
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-246
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2078970710
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- self-administered therapy, self-help, treatment effectiveness, depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorders, smoking cessation, treatment integration, individual characteristics, treatment monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Alcoholism, Anxiety, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Bibliotherapy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depression, Humans, Self Care, Smoking, Treatment Outcome
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