The role of self-help in the treatment of mild anxiety disorders in young people: an evidence-based review
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Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems experienced by young people, and even mild anxiety can significantly limit social, emotional, and cognitive development into adulthood. It is, therefore, essential that anxiety is treated as early and effectively as possible. Young people are unlikely, however, to seek professional treatment for their problems, increasing their chance of serious long-term problems such as impaired peer relations and low self-esteem. The barriers young people face to accessing services are well documented, and self-help resources may provide an alternative option to respond to early manifestations of anxiety disorders. This article reviews the potential benefits of self-help treatments for anxiety and the evidence for their effectiveness. Despite using inclusive review criteria, only six relevant studies were found. The results of these studies show that there is some evidence for the use of self-help interventions for anxiety in young people, but like the research with adult populations, the overall quality of the studies is poor and there is need for further and more rigorous research.
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Digital tools supporting mental health have been proven to be good solutions for existing barriers to care, such as long waiting lines and mental health-related stigma, owing to their accessibility and ability to maintain students' privacy.
“Digital tools supporting MH have been proven to be good solutions for existing barriers to care, such as long waiting lines and MH-related stigma, owing to their accessibility and ability to maintain students’ privacy [14-16]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The Introduction’s “Self-help interventions” section says self-help can increase access, offer anonymity that may appeal to young people concerned about stigma, and provide flexibility in time and place. The “Barriers” section identifies long waiting lists as a reason parents do not seek care for children, but does not show that digital tools resolve waiting lists. The review also says quality evidence of effectiveness for newer technology-based interventions is lagging, so “proven to be good solutions” overstates its conclusion; its discussion concerns young people generally, not specifically students. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman interaction has been identified as an important factor influencing effectiveness and engagement with DMHIs.
“In fact, human interaction has been identified as an important factor influencing effectiveness and engagement with DMHIs (21), but it may also detract from the cost-effectiveness of DMHIs in comparison to face-to-face treatment (20).”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
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Hollis, C., Falconer, C. J., Martin, J. L., Whittington, C., Stockton, S., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12663 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Davies, E. B., Morriss, R., & Glazebrook, C. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3142 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Garrido, S., Millington, C., Cheers, D., Boydell, K., Schubert, E., Meade, T., & Nguyen, Q. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00759 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Luttenberger, S., Wimmer, S., & Paechter, M. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s141421 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Grist, R., Croker, A., Denne, M., & Stallard, P. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0271-8 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Huang, F., Kösters, M., Staiger, T., Becker, T., Thornicroft, G., & Rüsch, N. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001265 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Awadalla, S., Davies, E. B., & Glazebrook, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02854-z · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Bennett, S. D., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., McKenzie Smith, M., Coughtrey, A. E., Heyman, I., Manzotti, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Technology Mediated CBT for Anxious Children and Adolescents
Podina, I. R., Mogoase, C., David, D., Szentagotai, A., & Dobrean, A. (2016) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-015-0228-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F. S., Giannantonio, M. D., Ferrara, M., & Berardis, D. D. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Michelson, D., Malik, K., Krishna, M., Sharma, R., Mathur, S., Bhat, B., Parikh, R., Roy, K., Joshi, A., Sahu, R., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103439 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Brigden, A., Anderson, E., Linney, C., Morris, R., Parslow, R., Serafimova, T., Smith, L., Briggs, E., Loades, M., & Crawley, E. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16924 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Shen, Z., Li, G., Fang, J., Zhong, H., Wang, J., Sun, Y., & Shen, X. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22145420 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mental health literacy intervention on help-seeking in athletes: a systematic review
Bu, D., Chung, P.-K., Zhang, C.-Q., Liu, J., & Wang, X. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197263 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Self-Help Interventions in Tinnitus
Nyenhuis, N., Golm, D., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.803496 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lewis, K. M., Amatya, K., Coffman, M. F., & Ollendick, T. H. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ye, J. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22075 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wozney, L., Baxter, P., & Newton, A. S. (2015) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0534-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-management, self-care, and self-help in adolescents with emotional problems: a scoping review
Town, R., Hayes, D., March, A., Fonagy, P., & Stapley, E. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02134-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Brief treatment for nighttime fears and co-sleeping problems: A randomized clinical trial
Ferreira, R. E. R., Silvares, E. F. M., Asbahr, F. R., & Ollendick, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tomczyk, S., Schomerus, G., Stolzenburg, S., Muehlan, H., & Schmidt, S. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1537-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Babbage, C. M., Jackson, G. M., Davies, E. B., & Nixon, E. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/25716 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Suffoletto, B., Goldstein, T., Gotkiewicz, D., Gotkiewicz, E., George, B., & Brent, D. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/32271 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A review of web-based support systems for students in higher education
Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., Goozée, R., Payne, E., Barrable, A., & Tzotzoli, P. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-017-0165-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Silfvernagel, K., Gren‐Landell, M., Emanuelsson, M., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.07.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A web-based self-guided program to promote valued-living in college students: A pilot study
Firestone, J., Cardaciotto, L., Levin, M. E., Goldbacher, E. M., Vernig, P. M., & Gambrel, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.01.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Attridge, M. D., Morfitt, R. C., Roseborough, D. J., & Jones, E. R. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/17712 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Silfvernagel, K., Wassermann, C., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.03.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.06.26 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rönngren, Y., Björk, A., Kristiansen, L. P., Haage, D., Enmarker, I., & Audulv, Å. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12333 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Avoidance and Delay of Medical Care in the Young
Montagni, I., Langlois, E., Koman, J., Petropoulos, M., & Tzourio, C. (2017) · Young · doi:10.1177/1103308817734474 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bradford, S., & Rickwood, D. (2014) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2014.967906 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRees, C. S., Anderson, R., & Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007486 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The early years: hirschsprung disease and health-related quality of life
Koo, F. E. C., Chan, M. C. E., King, S. K., & Trajanovska, M. (2023) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03482-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Berry, C., Fountain, J., Forbes, L. J. L., Bogen‐Johnston, L., Thomson, A. C., Zylko, Y., Tunks, A., Hotham, S., & Michelson, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304470 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Montagni, I., Langlois, E., Wittwer, J., & Tzourio, C. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.6801 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
O’Bree, B., Walton, C. C., Bendall, S., Wilson, M., Valentine, L., McEnery, C., D’Alfonso, S., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Rice, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062796 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Lived Experience of Anxiety Disorder Patients: Narrative Inquiry
Bamijoko-Okungbaye, A. (2020) · Journal of Health Education · doi:10.15294/jhe.v5i2.38348 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Laure, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., Remmerswaal, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., Konigorski, S., & Boffo, M. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/46603 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dunning, E. E., Khan, A. N., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., & Guzick, A. G. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01317-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wollach, C.-A. H., Cardaciotto, L., Levin, M. E., & Armstrong, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.03.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Silfvernagel, K. (2017) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-135823 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lotfinia, S., Shahkaram, H., Yaseri, A., Kianimoghadam, A. S., Yaztappeh, J. S., & Arani, A. M. (2025) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-158451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beji‐Chauke, R., Davies, T., Chibanda, D., & Garman, E. C. (2022) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.21.02202-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bannigan, G., McGrath, D., Matthews, J. J., & Duignan, C. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-03014-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lasan, B. B. (2018) · International Conference on Educational Management and Administration (CoEMA) · doi:10.2991/coema-18.2018.30 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Preparing to improve access for young people's mental healthcare
Crompton, H., & Hardy, S. (2018) · Practice Nursing · doi:10.12968/pnur.2018.29.12.600 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Apneia do Sono na Infância e a Contribuição da Psicologia do Sono na Adesão ao Tratamento
Ferreira, R. E. R., Müller, M. R., & Pires, M. L. N. (2020) · Revista da SBPH · doi:10.57167/rev-sbph.23.106 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
En kvalitativ studie om hvorfor ungdom møter til poliklinisk behandling i psykisk helsevern
Bjønness, S. E., & Storm, M. (2021) · Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid · doi:10.18261/issn.1504-3010-2021-04-02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Common Child and Adolescent Mental Health Problems
Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A. E., & Heyman, I. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623038.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Davies, E. B., Morriss, R. K., & Glazebrook, C. (2014) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Bernoff, M., & Rossouw, P. (2014) · International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy · doi:10.12744/ijnpt.2014.0027-0043
Tzanos, J. (2019) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
Biblioterapia para Medos Noturnos em Crianças: Um Estudo de Caso
Ferreira, R. E. R., Alckmin-Carvalho, F., Silvares, E. F. D. M., & Ollendick, T. H. (2021) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703003228016
Lotfinia, S., Shahkaram, H., Yaseri, A., Kianimoghadam, A. S., & Arani, A. M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3197196/v1
Bairagi, N., Selvadhas, A., & Acharya, S. (2023) · International Association of Societies of Design Research Congress (IASDR) · doi:10.21606/iasdr.2023.299
齐, 晗. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine · doi:10.12677/jcpm.2025.44435
Digital psychological interventions in youth with neurological disorders: a systematic review
Keevers, Y., Sivaneswaran, A., Dudeney, J. E., Woldhuis, T., & Gandy, M. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf109
Orgilés, M., Belzunegui‐Pastor, À., Amorós-Reche, V., & Espada, J. P. (2026) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-026-06918-2
Bu, D., Han, Z., Zhang, C., Liu, J., Wang, A., Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Song, W., & Huang, Z. (2026) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2026.2678586
- Authors
- Rickwood, D., & Bradford
- Affiliations
- University of Canberra (AU)
- ORCID
- Rickwood, Debra
- Venue
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 25
- ISSN
- 1179-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3304342
- OpenAlex
- W2036456691
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Canberra Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- self-help intervention, youth, adolescents, early intervention, barriers to treatment access, peer relationships, self-esteem, treatment effectiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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