A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies

Marrs, Rick W.

doi:10.1007/bf02507018

Cited by 367Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsArt Therapy and Mental HealthPsychological Treatments and Assessments

A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies

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Marrs, Rick W.·1995·American Journal of Community Psychology

DOI 10.1007/bf02507018

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Abstract

Used meta‐analysis to examine the efficacy of bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy treatments were compared to control groups and therapist‐administered treatments. The mean estimated effect size ( d ) of the 70 samples analyzed was +0.565. There was no significant differences between the effects of bibliotherapy and therapist‐administered treatments, as well as no significant erosion of effect sizes at follow‐up. Bibliotherapy did appear more effective for certain problem types (assertion training, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) than for others (weight loss, impulse control, and studying problems). Overall, the amount of therapist contact during bibliotherapy did not seem to relate to effectiveness, but there was evidence that certain problem types (weight loss and anxiety reduction) responded better with increased therapist contact. Recommendations for future research were given, especially for more research on the commonly purchased books and moderator analyses by personality type and reading ability.

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From Internet‐Based Telecare and Bibliotherapy Delivery of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Reducing Anxiety and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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From Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN): A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet Depression Skills Intervention Program (2002) · cites this paper as [5]

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Bibliotherapy: Medicine for the Soul?.
Stevens, M. J., & Pfost, K. S. (1982) · Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multimodal evaluation of practice interactions as treatment for social isolation.
Royce, W. S., & Arkowitz, H. S. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.46.2.239 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Multimodal evaluation of practice interactions as treatment for social isolation.
Royce, W. S., & Arkowitz, H. S. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.2.239 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A two-year follow-up on systematic desensitization with data pertaining to the external validity of laboratory fear assessment.
Rosen, G. M., Glasgow, R. E., & Barrera, M. (1977) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.45.6.1188 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reactions to three kinds of vocational-educational counseling.
Graff, R. W., Danish, S. J., & Austin, B. (1972) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032738 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The relative efficacy of directive and nondirective treatment in behavioral weight control
James, J., & Hampton, B. A. M. (1982) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(82)80009-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-directed contact desensitization.
Moss, M. K., & Arend, R. A. (1977) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.45.5.730 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Christian Therapists’ Utilization of Bibliotherapeutic Resources
Atwater, J. M., & Smith, D. G. (1982) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164718201000304 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Suggestions for an editorial policy on the review of self-help treatment books
Rosen, G. M. (1978) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(78)80030-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-directed contact desensitization.
Moss, M. K., & Arend, R. A. (1977) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.45.5.730 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Beyond the self-help polemics.
Mahoney, M. J. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.7.598 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bibliotherapy: Effect of Group Reading and Discussion on Attitudes of Adult Inmates in Two Correctional Institutions. Final Report.
Burt, L. N. (1972) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Use of Assertive Training in Teaching the Expression of Positively Assertive Behavior
Nesbitt, E. B. (1981) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.49.1.155 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A comparison of EMG biofeedback and guided imagery upon anxiety reduction in high-risk college students
Brusman, M. M. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessment of role-play generalization across qualitatively different situations
Lawrence, J. S. S., Hughes, E. F., Goff, A. F., & Palmer, M. B. (1983) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf01321450 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Right aim, wrong target.
Lazarus, A. A. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.43.7.600.b · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Changes in the Ethnocentrism of a Select Group of College Students as a Function of Bibliotherapy
Alsbrook, E. Y. (1970) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effectiveness of bibliotherapy on teaching initiator dating skills to females
Conner, C. N. (1981) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Right aim, wrong target.
Lazarus, A. A. (1988) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.43.7.600.b · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies
Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D'Amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., Petticrew, M., & Altman, D. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7270 · Cited by 2,907 · see citing works
Is guided self-help as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies.
Cuijpers, P., Donker, T., van Straten, A., Li, J., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000772 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
“Guided self-help can be defined as a psychological treatment, where the patient or client takes home a standardized psychological treatment and works through it more or less independently (Marrs, 1995 ; Cuijpers & Schuurmans, 2007).”
Background
THE IMPACT OF LIFE COACHING ON GOAL ATTAINMENT, METACOGNITION AND MENTAL HEALTH
Grant, A. M. (2003) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.3.253 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
“The goal attain-260 ment scale effect size was large ( d = 2.85) and this compares favorably with meta-analytic reports of the efficacy of bibliotherapy where the mean estimated effect size was d = 0.56 (Marrs, 1995).”
Influential
What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression
GELLATLY, J., BOWER, P., HENNESSY, S., RICHARDS, D., GILBODY, S., & LOVELL, K. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000062 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“A number of previous reviews had been conducted in this area (Scogin et al. 1990; Gould and Clum, 1993;Marrs, 1995; Cuijpers, 1997; Bower et al. 2001; McKendreeSmith et al. 2003; Den Boer et al. 2004; Anderson et al. 2005) and these were initially examined for relevant studies.”
Result
Barriers to the uptake of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy: A systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence
Waller, R., & Gilbody, S. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004224 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“1990; Gould, 1993; Marrs, 1995; Cuijpers, 1997; reviewed by Bower et al .”
Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN) (2): A Randomized Trial of a Self-Help Depression Skills Program With Reminders
Clarke, G., Eubanks, D., Reid, E., Kelleher, C., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Lynch, F., Nunley, S., & Gullion, C. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.2.e16 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety update: a systematic review and economic evaluation
Kaltenthaler, E., Brazier, J., De Nigris, E., Tumur, I., Ferriter, M., Beverley, C., Parry, G., Rooney, G., & Sutcliffe, P. (2006) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta10330 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“Further research has shown bibliotherapy, in comparison to therapist-administered treatments, is more effective for certain problems (assertion training, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) than for others (weight loss, impulse control, and studying problems).(62)”
Background
Psychosocial intervention development for the prevention and treatment of depression: promoting innovation and increasing access
Hollon, S. D., Muñoz, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Beardslee, W. R., Bell, C. C., Bernal, G., Clarke, G. N., Franciosi, L. P., Kazdin, A. E., Kohn, L. P., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01384-7 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
“Strategies that have been tested include bibliotherapy (Marrs 1995), telephone contacts (Hunkeler et al 2000), communitywide television programming (Muñoz et al 1982), and sending letters to individuals at risk for suicide (Motto and Bostrom 2001).”
Background
Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Help Intervention for Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: Randomized Controlled Trial
van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P., & Smits, N. (2008) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.954 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“A self-help therapy can be defined as a standardized psychological treatment that the patient works through independently at home [6].”
Background
Circles of recovery : self-help organizations for addictions
Humphreys, K. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543883 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Overcoming Depression on the Internet (ODIN): A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet Depression Skills Intervention Program
Clarke, G., Reid, E., Eubanks, D., O'Connor, E., DeBar, L. L., Kelleher, C., Lynch, F., & Nunley, S. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.3.e14 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
A systematic review of non-pharmacological therapies for sleep problems in later life
Montgomery, P. (2004) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(03)00026-1 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-guided psychological treatment for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Donker, T., Johansson, R., Mohr, D. C., van Straten, A., & Andersson, G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021274 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“It is well-established that self-help interventions can have positive effects on symptoms of depression [1–4], anxiety disorders [5,6], sleep problems [7], headache [8], and many other healthrelated problems [9].”
Background
Usage and Longitudinal Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Help Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Panic Disorder
Farvolden, P., Denisoff, E., Selby, P., Bagby, R. M., & Rudy, L. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e7 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Comparisons with Other Studies The results of this study are consistent with the results of recent research demonstrating the efficacy of Web-based self-help for panic disorder [27], the efficacy of freely available Web-based self-help programs for mood and anxiety problems [28], and the high attrition rates reported…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive behavioural interventions for sleep problems in adults aged 60+
Montgomery, P., & Dennis, J. A. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003161 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: A randomized controlled trial.
Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M. J., & Lyneham, H. J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.436 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“As a result, some bibliotherapy programs rely on at least minimal involvement from a therapist, and some evidence has demonstrated that the degree of improvement in anxiety disorders is related to the amount of therapist involvement (Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Review of randomised controlled trials of Internet interventions for mental disorders and related conditions
Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2006) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200500378696 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self‐help and minimal‐contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy?
Newman, M. G., Erickson, T., Przeworski, A., & Dzus, E. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10128 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“74) and are comparable to therapist-administered interventions (Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis.
Gregory, R. J., Schwer Canning, S., Lee, T. W., & Wise, J. C. (2004) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.3.275 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Legitimacy, Authority, and Community in Electronic Support Groups
Galegher, J., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. B. (1998) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088398015004003 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“In some situations, reading self-help books can be as effective as working with a professional therapist in alleviating such problems as anxiety, sexual dysfunction and depression ( Marrs, 1995 ).”
Background
Psychotherapy mediated by remote communication technologies: a meta-analytic review
Bee, P. E., Bower, P., Lovell, K., Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Gask, L., & Roach, P. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-60 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Reviews and meta-analyses of computer-delivered CBT packages [28,29] and self-help treatments [30-33] also provide promising results.”
BackgroundInfluential
Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review
Lewis, C., Pearce, J., & Bisson, J. I. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084756 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The clinical and cost-effectiveness of self-help treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care: a systematic review.
Bower, P., Richards, D. A., & Lovell, K. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis
van Straten, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
An internet-based self-help treatment for fear of public speaking: a controlled trial.
Botella, C., Gallego, M. J., Garcia-Palacios, A., Guillen, V., Baños, R. M., Quero, S., & Alcañiz, M. (2010) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0224 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet-Based Stress Management
Zetterqvist, K., Maanmies, J., Ström, L., & Andersson, G. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070302316 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“In fact, this mirrors what has already been seen in the self-help literature where studies often include some form of therapist contact in the form of telephone calls (Marrs, 1995).”
Result
Remote cognitive-behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A meta-analysis.
Wootton, B. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.001 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-help and internet-guided interventions in depression and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses
Hof, E. V., Cuijpers, P., & Stein, D. J. (2009) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900027279 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Mail and phone interventions for weight loss in a managed-care setting: Weigh-To-Be one-year outcomes
Jeffery, R. W., Sherwood, N. E., Brelje, K., Pronk, N. P., Boyle, R., Boucher, J. L., & Hase, K. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802473 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“The study was Received 6 March 2003; revised 10 July 2003; accepted 3 August 2003 *Correspondence: Dr RW Jeffery, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. E-mail: jeffery@epi.umn.edu International Journal of Obesity (20…”
Background
A meta-analysis of indicated mental health prevention programs for at-risk higher education students.
Conley, C. S., Shapiro, J. B., Kirsch, A. C., & Durlak, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000190 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A meta-analytic study of self-help interventions for anxiety problems.
Hirai, M., & Clum, G. (2006) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.05.002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Early estimates of the effect size (Cohen’s d) for all SH interventions regardless of target problem has varied between .57 (Marrs, 1995) and .87 Behavior Therapy 37 (2006) 99–111 www.elsevier.com/locate/bt This article was accepted under the editorship of David A. F. Haaga.”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: An overview
Cuijpers, P., & Schuurmans, J. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0034-6 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Self-help interventions have been developed for a variety of disorders and problems, including problem drinking, anxieties, lack of social skills, migraine, eating disorders, smoking, sexual dysfunction, and insomnia [ 13 ,17,18].”
Effectiveness of complementary and self‐help treatments for anxiety disorders
Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H. M., Griffiths, K. M., Parslow, R., Rodgers, B., & Blewitt, K. A. (2004) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06352.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators
Haug, T., Nordgreen, T., Öst, L. G., & Havik, O. E. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.04.002 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-help and guided self-help for eating disorders
Perkins, S., Murphy, R., Schmidt, U. H., & Williams, C. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004191.pub2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
An Internet-based self-change program for traumatic event related fear, distress, and maladaptive coping
Hirai, M., & Clum, G. A. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20071 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: Targeting at‐risk women with a computerized psychoeducational program
Zabinski, M. F., Pung, M. A., Wilfley, D. E., Eppstein, D. L., Winzelberg, A. J., Celio, A. A., & Taylor, C. B. (2001) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.1036 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Telemedicine for Depression: A Systematic Review
García-Lizana, F., & Muñoz-Mayorga, I. (2010) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00247.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Remote treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Wootton, B. M., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Terides, M. D., & Titov, N. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“bCBT interventions have been found to significantly reduce symptoms across several disorders including problematic alcohol use (Apodaca & Miller, 2003), depression (McNaughton, 2009), and anxiety disorders (den Boer, Wiersma, & Van den Bosch, 2004; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Intervention programs for children whose parents have a mental illness: a review
Reupert, A., Cuff, R., Drost, L. M., Foster, K., van Doesum, K. T. M., & van Santvoort, F. (2013) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.11145 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A Web-Based Approach to Managing Stress and Mood Disorders in the Workforce
Billings, D. W., Cook, R. F., Hendrickson, A., & Dove, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31816c435b · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The robust literature demonstrating the efficacy of bibliotherapy argues against the necessity of personalized contact.(41) Future studies should investigate the impact of adding additional components (eg, personal coaches) to Internet-based prevention programs.”
Background
Development of a new approach to guided self-help via the internet: the Swedish experience
Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Buhrman, M., Carlbring, P., Holländare, F., Kaldo, V., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Paxling, B., Ström, L., & Waara, J. (2008) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802094627 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“In many studies on guided self-help the support has been in the form of telephone contact, but there are also examples of other forms of support, for example by having group meetings (den Boer et al., 2004; Hirai & Clum, 2006; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults
Mayo-Wilson, E., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005330.pub4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Guided self-help in primary care mental health: Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies of patient experience
Khan, N., Bower, P., & Rogers, A. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032011 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Self-help involves delivering cognitive–behavioural techniques through a ‘health technology’ (Richards et al, 2003), such as written materials or information technology (Marrs, 1995; Proudfoot et al, 2004).”
Method
Do self-help books help?
Bergsma, A. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Gould and Clum (1993) and Marrs (1995) add successes for headaches, insomnia and sexual dysfunction, and confirm the lack of success for smoking cessation and alcohol addiction.”
BackgroundInfluential
A systematic review and economic evaluation of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety
Kaltenthaler, E., Shackley, P., Stevens, K., Beverley, C., Parry, G., & Chilcott, J. (2002) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta6220 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-help books for depression: how can practitioners and patients make the right choice?
Anderson, L., Lewis, G., Araya, R., Elgie, R., Harrison, G. L., Proudfoot, J. G., Schmidt, U. H., Sharp, D., Weightman, A. L., & Williams, C. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in primary health care: a review.
Høifødt, R., Strøm, C., Kolstrup, N., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2011) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmr017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Treatment of social phobia through pure self-help and therapist-augmented self-help
Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M. J., Baillie, A., & Gaston, J. E. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028167 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Bibliotherapeutic interventions have been applied with success to a wide range of difficulties (Scogin et al, 1990; Marrs, 1995), including anxiety disorders (Newman et al, 2003; Barlow et al, 2005).”
BackgroundResult
Bibliotherapy
Jack, S. J., & Ronan, K. R. (2008) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034308090058 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“More recent reviews have progressed from qualitative analysis to quantitative aggregation (meta-analysis), again primarily focusing on self-help books (e.g. Gould and Clum; 1993; Gregory et al., 2004; Marrs, 1995; Scogin et al., 1990).”
LONGITUDINAL COURSE OF POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AMONG U.S. MILITARY VETERANS: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE IN VETERANS STUDY
Tsai, J., Sippel, L. M., Mota, N. P., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22371 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Reading may represent a form of self-exploration and can improve mood, boost optimism, and encourage new perspectives about health and life, as evidenced by bi-bliotherapy studies.[43, 44] Perhaps reading and writing about trauma may help facilitate PTG, as studies on journaling and expressive writing have shown they…”
Background
The relative efficacy of two brief treatments for sleep problems in young learning disabled (mentally retarded) children: a randomised controlled trial
Montgomery, P. (2004) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2002.017202 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Literacy levels might also be considered important, but this was not borne out by the current findings. Another study, involving sleep disordered clinic patients with limited literacy skills found very minor differences between video and booklet for improving knowledge, and concluded that simple written information wa…”
Background
Web-based treatment for infertility-related psychological distress
Sexton, M. B., Byrd, M. R., O’Donohue, W., & Jacobs, N. (2010) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0142-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“The magnitude of the effect noted in those accessing the site in this study is similar to that reported in a meta-analysis of bibliotherapy interventions (Marrs 1995) and a similar web-based stress reduction study (Zetterqvist et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResult
Use of a self-help book with weekly therapist contact to reduce tinnitus distress: A randomized controlled trial
Kaldo, V., Cars, S., Rahnert, M., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.04.007 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“The amount of therapist contact does not seem to be related to outcome, although some exceptions have been noted [13], and the large attrition rates have often been observed after self-help without any therapist input [14].”
Background
Prevention of medication overuse in patients with migraine
Fritsche, G., Frettlöh, J., Hüppe, M., Dlugaj, M., Matatko, N., Gaul, C., & Diener, H.-C. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.032 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Using children’s literature to strengthen social and emotional learning
Heath, M. A., Smith, K., & Young, E. L. (2017) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034317710070 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The effectiveness of creative bibliotherapy for internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors in children: A systematic review
Montgomery, P., & Maunders, K. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.010 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“It has been shown to be effective for adults with depression, panic disorder, and certain sexual dysfunctions (Fanner & Urquhart, 2008; Marrs, 1995) as well as for those with anxiety when compared to no treatment (Mayo‐Wilson & Montgomery, 2007).”
Background
Towards a Psychology of Coaching: The Impact of Coaching on Metacognition, Mental Health and Goal Attainment.
Grant, A. M. (2001) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Bibliotherapy Evaluation Tool: grounding counselors in the therapeutic use of literature
Pehrsson, D., & McMillen, P. S. (2004) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2004.11.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Many of the moderating variables identified by Marrs (1995) have yet to be systematically studied in bibliotherapy work.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
IF THE EVIDENCE IS SO GOOD – WHY DOESN'T ANYONE USE THEM? A NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE USE OF COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
Whitfield, G., & Williams, C. (2004) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465804001031 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Written self-help interventions (bibliotherapy) have been the subject of a number of metaanalyses (e.g. Cuijpers, 1997; Scogin et al., 1990; Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Internet-based treatment for panic disorder
Richards, J., Klein, B., & Carlbring, P. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070302318 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“More specifically, there is accumulating evidence that self-help strategies can reduce panic symptoms in PD, but they require some therapist assistance for optimal effectiveness (Febbraro, Clum, Roodman, & Wright, 1999; Marrs, 1995).”
BackgroundResult
Web-based cognitive–behavioral therapy for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis: A pilot study
Gottlieb, J. D., Romeo, K. H., Penn, D. L., Mueser, K. T., & Chiko, B. P. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“CBT bibliotherapy, used to either supplement standard psychiatric care or as an alternative to therapist-delivered CBT, has a strong evidence-base for improving depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and sleepdisturbance in the general population (Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Do anxiety-disordered children need to come into the clinic for efficacious treatment?
Cobham, V. E. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028205 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In several reviews of self-administered treatments, researchers have found these interventions to be as efficacious as standard therapist-administered treatments (Mains & Scogin, 2003; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
The effectiveness of self-administered treatments: a practice-friendly review of the research
Mains, J. A., & Scogin, F. R. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10145 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Extension and Replication of an Internet-Based Treatment Program for Panic Disorder
Richards, J. C., & Alvarenga, M. E. (2002) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070252823652 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“was limited therapist assistance by telephone over the course of this study (Marrs, 1995).”
BackgroundResult
Handbook of Self-Help Therapies
(2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203935439 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“An increase in the number of outcome studies was expected for several reasons: (a) Attention was drawn to the study of the eff ectiveness of SATs by Glasgow and Rosen’s (1978) and Rosen’s (1987) articles on the need for such studies as well as the dearth of studies conducted up to the time their papers were written; (…”
Background
Evidence-based treatments: challenges and priorities for practice and research.
Kazdin, A. (2004) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.04.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Using Children's Books as Bibliotherapy for At-Risk Students: A Guide for Teachers
Prater, M. A., Johnstun, M. L., Dyches, T. T., & Johnstun, M. R. (2006) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.3200/psfl.50.4.5-10 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Other areas, such as (a) improved academic achievement, (b) increased self-concept, and (c) weight loss received mixed results across reviews (Cuijpers, 1997; Gregory, Canning, Lee, & Wise, 2004; Marrs, 1995; Riordan & Wilson, 1989; Schrank & Engles, 1981).”
Result
A self‐directed psychosocial intervention with minimal therapist contact for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Stevenson, C. S., Stevenson, R. J., & Whitmont, S. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.356 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
GEOGRAPHIC INEQUITY IN THE AVAILABILITY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY IN ENG LAND AND WALES
Shapiro, D. A., Cavanagh, K., & Lomas, H. (2003) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465803002066 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Meta-analytic reviews (Scogin, Bynum, Stephens, & Calhoon, 1990; Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995; Cuijpers, 1997) have revealed effect sizes for self-administered treatments comparable to those achieved by therapist-administered treatments.”
Stepped care treatment for depression and anxiety in primary care. a randomized controlled trial
Seekles, W., van Straten, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Marwijk, H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-171 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Self-help can be defined as a standardized psychological treatment that a patient can work through on his/her own, possibly with some guidance [48].”
Background
Evaluation of a “Nondieting” Stress Reduction Program for Overweight Women: A Randomized Trial
Katzer, L., Bradshaw, A. J., Horwath, C. C., Gray, A. R., O'Brien, S., & Joyce, J. (2008) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/060728113r1.1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self‐help in the long‐term treatment of obesity
Latner, J. D. (2001) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00028.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis of bibliotherapy studies summarized the results of several studies examining this form of treatment for weight loss (40).”
Background
The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of low-intensity psychological interventions for the secondary prevention of relapse after depression: a systematic review.
Rodgers, M., Asaria, M., Walker, S., McMillan, D., Lucock, M. P., Harden, M., Palmer, S., & Eastwood, A. J. (2012) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta16280 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bibliotherapy in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions: A meta-analysis.
van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.702 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Intervening on cognitions and behavior in irritable bowel syndrome: A feasibility trial using PDAs
Oerlemans, S., van Cranenburgh, O., Herremans, P.-J., Spreeuwenberg, P., & van Dulmen, S. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.09.018 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Enhancing appropriate self-management appears to be valuable [11], [12] and [13] in terms of a reduction in the use of health care services [14] and an improvement of patients' symptoms and quality of life [15].”
Background
Written and computer-based self-help treatments for depression.
Williams, C., & Whitfield, G. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/57.1.133 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-help therapeutic interventions for obsessive–compulsive disorder: Is therapeutic contact key to overall improvement?
Pearcy, C. P., Anderson, R. A., Egan, S. J., & Rees, C. S. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.007 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self‐help smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Naughton, F., Prevost, A. T., & Sutton, S. R. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02140.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“and more general self-help reviews [13,42,43].”
The role of self-help in the treatment of mild anxiety disorders in young people: an evidence-based review
Rickwood, D., & Bradford (2012) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s23357 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The limits of bibliotherapy: A study of the differential effectiveness of self-administered interventions in individuals with panic attacks
Febbraro, G. A. R., Clum, G. A., Roodman, A. A., & Wright, J. H. (1999) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80004-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-help for a negative body image: A comparison of components of a cognitive-behavioral program
Strachan, M. D., & Cash, T. F. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80027-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Integrating self-help books into psychotherapy
Campbell, L. F., & Smith, T. P. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10140 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
A multicentre randomised controlled trial of a carer supervised Culturally adapted CBT (CaCBT) based self-help for depression in Pakistan
Naeem, F., Sarhandi, I., Gul, M., Khalid, M., Aslam, M., Anbrin, A., Saeed, S., Noor, M., Fatima, G., Minhas, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.051 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Bibliotherapy for mental health service users Part 1: a systematic review
Fanner, D., & Urquhart, C. (2008) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00821.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Paraprofessionals for anxiety and depressive disorders
BOER, P. C. A. M. D., Wiersma, D., Russo, S., & van den Bosch, R. J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004688.pub2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses (Scogin et al. 1990; Gould & Clum 1993; Marrs 1995; Cuijpers 1997) have found mean effect sizes for bibliotherapy from 0.53 to 0.96 for various target problems, ranging from 'minor' problems (assertion skills, study skills, parental skills, difficulties with sleep, sex, and memory) to disorders that may…”
BackgroundInfluential
Bibliotherapy and information prescriptions: a summary of the published evidence‐base and recommendations from past and ongoing Books on Prescription projects
Chamberlain, D., HEAPS, D., & ROBERT, I. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01201.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Children’s Books for Use in Bibliotherapy
Goddard, A. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.08.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Here comes the self-help revolution in mental heath.
Norcross, J. C. (2000) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.37.4.370 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of providing self-help information to people with symptoms of acute stress disorder following a traumatic injury
Scholes, C., Turpin, G., & Mason, S. M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The effectiveness of problem solving therapy in deprived South African communities: results from a pilot study
Hof, E. V., Stein, D. J., Marks, I. M., Tomlinson, M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-156 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Therapist-Assisted, Self-Administered Bibliotherapy to Enhance Parental Competence
Hahlweg, K., Heinrichs, N., Kuschel, A., & Feldmann, M. (2008) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445508317131 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy with relaxation vs. imagery rescripting on test anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Reiß, N., Warnecke, I., Tolgou, T., Krampen, D., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.039 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“There is evidence for positive effects of self-help approaches (Gould and Clum, 1993; Hirai and Clum, 2006; Marrs, 1995), even though meta-analyses show that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is significantly superior (Hirai and Clum, 2006; Lewis et al., 2012).”
Background
Cognitive-Behavioral Body-Image Therapy: Extended Evidence of the Efficacy of a Self-Directed Program
Cash, T. F., & Lavallee, D. M. (1997) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1025041926081 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Meta-analytic evidence points to the success of self-administered treatments with minimal to modest therapist contact (Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995; Scogin, Bynum, Stephens, & Calhoon, 1990).”
Background
Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions.
Norcross, J. C. (2006) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.6.683 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses have found that bibliotherapy for depression and anxiety is superior to no treatment and slightly less effective than therapist-administered treatments (e.g., Den Boer et al., 2004; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Use of written cognitive–behavioural therapy self-help materials to treat depression
Williams, C. (2001) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.7.3.233 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“To date four meta-analyses have been completed (Scogin et al, 1990; Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995; Cuijpers, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
Popular self-help books for anxiety, depression, and trauma: How scientifically grounded and useful are they?
Redding, R. E., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., & Gaudiano, B. A. (2008) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.5.537 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…range from 0.5 to 1.1 (Cuijpers, 1998; Den Boer, Wiersma, & Van Den Bosch, 2004; Gould & Clum, 1993; Gregory, Canning, Lee, & Wise, 2004; Hirai & Clum, 2006; Marrs, 1995; Scogin, Bynum, Stephens, & Calhoon, 1990), and these effects are often maintained months after treatment (Hirai & Clum, 2006).”
Influential
Contributions of authors
Ender, S. A., Machner, A., Pap, G., Hubbe, J., Graßhoff, H., & Hw, N. (2007) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453670710014301 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Media-based behavioural treatments for behavioural problems in children
Montgomery, P., Bjornstad, G. J., & Dennis, J. A. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002206.pub3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An investigation into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and minimal contact interventions in the treatment of panic attacks
Febbraro, G. A. R. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20097 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis.
Gregory, R. J., Schwer Canning, S., Lee, T. W., & Wise, J. C. (2004) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.3.275 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Bibliotherapy in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions: A meta-analysis.
van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.702 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The long-term effects of bibliotherapy in depression treatment: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Gualano, M. R., Bert, F., Martorana, M., Voglino, G., Andriolo, V., Thomas, R., Gramaglia, C., Zeppegno, P., & Siliquini, R. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of bibliotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Yuan, S., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Pu, J., Yang, L., Liu, L., Jiang, X., & Xie, P. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s152747 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Literary Prescriptions: Applying Bibliotherapy in a Psychotherapeutic Context.
Correll, A. B., Correll, T. L., & Correll, M. C. (2024) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Marrs, R. W.
Affiliations: Concordia University Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Marrs, Rick W.
Venue: American Journal of Community Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1995-12
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Pages: 843-870
ISSN: 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
1573-2770
DOI: 10.1007/bf02507018
OpenAlex: W1993712392
Cited by: 366
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 2.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
ecommons.luc.edu
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Conservation › Art Therapy and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: bibliotherapy, self-help books, treatment efficacy, effect size, assertiveness training, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, weight loss, impulse control, therapist contact, follow-up outcomes
MeSH terms: Bibliotherapy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychotherapy, Treatment Outcome

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A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies

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