Computer and Internet applications for psychological treatment: Update for clinicians
Abstract
Computers and the Internet have the potential to be used to deliver psychological treatments. This article provides a selective review of applications involving little or no therapist contact, applications involving asynchronous and synchronous communication with providers, and applications that have been used as adjuncts to standard psychotherapy. Data on the efficacy of these applications most strongly support using the Internet to complete and submit behavioral assignments, to obtain social support from peers, and to receive education, feedback, and support from therapists in the form of e‐mail or chatroom communications. General practice recommendations are given with an emphasis on ways to encourage use of the Internet as an information and communication tool as an adjunct to regular psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
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The Internet has become a promising tool to deliver interventions for promoting healthy lifestyle and behaviors.
“With the increased development of new technologies, the Internet has become a promising tool to deliver interventions for promoting healthy lifestyle and behaviors [21].”
From Acceptance and efficacy of a guided internet self-help treatment program for obese patients with binge eating disorder (2011) · cites this paper as [21]
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“…are inherent in self-help methods, such as privacy and convenience, Internet-based interventions can offer a more interactive treatment and draw together a community of clients while maintaining anonymity (Jones & McCabe, 2010; Leusink & Aarts, 2006; McCabe & Price, 2008; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundAdoption of technology‐enhanced treatments: Conceptual and practical considerations.
Anton, M. T., & Jones, D. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12197 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…standalone technologies, with some work suggesting that they may actually increase engagement and decrease dropout (Jones, 2014; Mohr et al., 2013; Tate & Zabinski, 2004); and 4) the adoption barriers for technology-enhancements may differ in type and complexity compared to standalone approaches,…”
BackgroundMethodMichel, A., Groß, C., Hoppe, A., González‐Morales, M. G., Steidle, A., & O’Shea, D. E. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12345 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…with research showing mindfulness and PAIs can be applied online (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Luthans, Avey, & Patera, 2008; Michel et al., 2014; Ouweneel et al., 2013; Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005) making them cost-effective (Tate & Zabinski, 2004) and applicable in many different settings.”
BackgroundIsabelle, C., Christelle, C., Patrick, R., Tony, L., Martial, V. D. L., & Alain, G. (2011) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901107010008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“With the increased development of new technologies, the Internet has become a promising tool to deliver interventions for promoting healthy lifestyle and behaviors [21].”
Owen, J. E., Bantum, E. O., & Golant, M. (2008) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1374 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Online psychological services are increasingly available to and accessed by those who are seeking psychological treatment [1].”
BackgroundWalker, E. R., Obolensky, N., Dini, S., & Thompson, N. J. (2010) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.07.032 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Web participants’ comments about the disadvantages of the discussion board were similar to those mentioned in a review by Tate and Zabinski [36].”
BackgroundResultA randomized controlled trial of Web-based Attentional Bias Modification to help smokers quit.
Elfeddali, I., de Vries, H., Bolman, C. A. W., Pronk, T., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000346 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“However, high drop-out rates are common in Internet trials (Etter, 2005; Eysenbach, 2005; Tate & Zabinski, 2004; Te Poel et al., 2009), and drop-out did not differ between the conditions (indicating that respondents may not have been aware of the condition they were assigned to).”
Sa, M. D., Carriço, L. M., & Antunes, P. A. (2007) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2007.23 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Expressive writing and posttraumatic growth: an internet-based study
Stockton, H., Joseph, S., & Hunt, N. (2014) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/h0099377 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Experiences of Online Counseling Among Undergraduates in Some Ghanaian Universities
Amos, P. M., Bedu-Addo, P. K. A., & Antwi, T. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020941844 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…essential thing about online counseling is that, because it is data driven, the counselor and client become more focused on the issues to be discussed and so more time is being saved so a counselor can attend to other duties as well as the client (Kotsopoulou et al., 2015; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundForbes, C. C., Blanchard, C. M., Mummery, W. K., & Courneya, K. S. (2015) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/cancer.4586 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“It is difficult to pinpoint the reason for such high dropout rates in Web-based studies but previous research indicates it is easier for participants to disengage from Web-based interventions [43].”
Sehlin, H., Ahlström, B. H., Andersson, G., & Wentz, E. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1599-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“previous studies of internet -based treatment [63].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSex Therapy through the Internet for Men with Sexual Dysfunctions: A Pilot Study
van Diest, S. L., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., Leusink, P., Slob, A. K., & Gijs, L. A. C. L. (2007) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926230601098456 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In the past decade, the Internet has become important for health care delivery (e.g., Baker et al., 2003; Caspar, 2004; Chang, 2005; Emmelkamp, 2005; Mallen et al., 2005a); Newman, 2004; Tate & Zabinski, 2003; Wolf, 2003).”
BackgroundParent-Focused Child Maltreatment Prevention
Self‐Brown, S., & Whitaker, D. J. (2008) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559508320059 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Using the Internet to Screen for Postpartum Depression
Le, H., Perry, D. F., & Sheng, X. (2008) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-008-0322-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“used to provide psychoeducation, screening, and treatment for various psychological disorders, including major depression [18, 19].”
MethodNapolitano, M. A., Whiteley, J. A., Mavredes, M. N., Faro, J. M., DiPietro, L., Hayman, L. L., Neighbors, C. J., & Simmens, S. J. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hirai, M., Skidmore, S. T., Clum, G. A., & Dolma, S. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.04.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
McConnon, Á., Kirk, S., & Ransley, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.07.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A review by Tate and Zabinski in 2004 suggested that adherence to Internet programs may be a particular problem, as it may be easier to disengage with the intervention, to not continue with treatment, or to fail to keep an appointment on-line.(21) An average attrition rate of 21% is typical in lifestyle interventions…”
BackgroundRichards, D., & Tangney, B. (2008) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880701715671 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The feasibility and efficacy of such services have not yet been established with certainty (Rochlen et al., 2004; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialBotella, C., Mira, A., Moragrega, I., García-Palacios, A., Bretón-López, J., Castilla, D., Riera López del Amo, A., Soler, C., Molinari, G., Quero, S., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s93315 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Treatment Beliefs and Preferences for Psychological Therapies for Weight Management
Moffitt, R. L., Haynes, A., & Mohr, P. B. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22157 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…than individual therapy for weight loss (Renjilian et al., 2001), these findings also support current trends for increased flexibility, tailoring and personalization, and cost-effective technological (i.e., online or electronic) delivery of psychological interventions (Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundLove, S. M., Sanders, M. R., Metzler, C. W., Prinz, R. J., & Kast, E. Z. (2013) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2012.701837 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Talking with text: Communication in therapist-led, live chat cancer support groups
Stephen, J. E., Collie, K., McLeod, D. L., Rojubally, A., Fergus, K. D., Speca, M., Turner, J., Taylor‐Brown, J., Sellick, S., Burrus, K., et al. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jones, D. J., Loiselle, R., Zachary, C., Georgeson, A. R., Highlander, A., Turner, P., Youngstrom, J. K., Khavjou, O., Anton, M. T., Gonzalez, M., et al. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.07.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Patients’ and providers’ perspectives on bibliotherapy in primary care
McKenna, G., Hevey, D., & Martin, E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.679 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Breitenstein, S. M., Brager, J., Ocampo, E. V., & Fogg, L. (2017) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559517725402 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Indeed, a risk of digital delivery is the ability for parents to easily disengage or drop out in the absence of person-to-person contact (Christensen, Griffiths, & Farrer, 2009; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundFarvolden, P., Cunningham, J. A., & Selby, P. L. (2009) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802458889 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It should be noted, however, that these problems apply to all self-help interventions (Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundIncorporating Mobile Phone Technologies to Expand Evidence-Based Care
Jones, D. J., Anton, M., Gonzalez, M., Honeycutt, A., Khavjou, O., Forehand, R., & Parent, J. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.06.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…involvement may be optimal, if not necessary, for the presenting issues more typically seen in community-based clinical practice (e.g., psychopathology; see Barak & Proudfoot, 2009; Clough & Casey, 2011; Jones et al., 2013; Mohr, Cujpers, & Lehman, 2011; Tate & Zabinski, 2004, for reviews).”
BackgroundCasey, L. M., Wright, M.-A., & Clough, B. A. (2014) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2014100102 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Seeking treatment via the internet can address many of the difficulties associated with physically attending traditional face to face or group treatment, and may be more cost effective that traditional services (Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGeorgeson, A. R., Highlander, A., Loiselle, R., Zachary, C., & Jones, D. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101858 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Online support for children of parents suffering from mental illness: A case study
Drost, L. M., & Schippers, G. M. (2013) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104513496260 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lin, T., Yu, P.-T., Lin, L., Liu, P., Li, Y.-D., Hsu, C.-T., Cheng, Y.-R., Yeh, C., Wong, S.-S., Pai, S.-A., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207931 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Providing web-based mental health services to at-risk women
Lipman, E. L., Kenny, M., & Marziali, E. (2011) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-11-38 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Available web-based delivery formats for mental health programs include self-help websites, structured computer-administered therapy with or without computer-generated feedback, and therapies involving asynchronous and synchronous text-based contact with other users (internet support groups) or with therapists [25,26,…”
BackgroundYeager, C. M., Shoji, K., Łuszczyńska, A., & Benight, C. C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9449 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, limited participation and high attrition rates are common [16,17].”
Standalone Internet speech restructuring treatment for adults who stutter: A phase I study
Erickson, S., Block, S., Menzies, R. G., O’Brian, S., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2015) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1101156 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hucker, A., & McCabe, M. P. (2013) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2012.675020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Internet-based therapies decrease some of the barriers to receiving treatment, such as inconvenience, time constraints, physical disability, travel costs and geography (Jones & Stokes, 2009 ; Tate & Zabinski, 2004 ), while also offering a sense of anonymity and invisibility, and an ability to draw together a community…”
BackgroundTechnology and innovation in the psychosocial treatment of methamphetamine use, risk and dependence
KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230801914768 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hirai, M., Vernon, L. L., Clum, G. A., & Skidmore, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9257-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“An online/computer-based research interface may also promote individuals’ willingness to disclose and share sensitive information (e.g., Emmelkamp 2005; Tate and Zabinski 2004).”
BackgroundEthical Use of Electronic Media in Social Work Practice
Loue, S. (2016) · Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala · doi:10.18662/rrem/2016.0802.02 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…differences Overcoming difficult travel logistics Facilitating access to services for people with mobility challenges Increasing convenience to clients and Reducing the time needed for contact with the therapist through the use of adjunctive computer-based approaches (Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundWells, R. (2021) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2021.1924098 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Others have highlighted the many benefits and challenges associated with online counseling (Rochlen, Zack, & Speyer, 2004; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundKAWAI, K., YAMAZAKI, Y., & NAKAYAMA, K. (2010) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.48.265 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pragmatic evaluation of the viability of CCBT self‐help for depression in higher education
Mitchell, N., & Dunn, K. (2007) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140701565987 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Tate and Zabinski ( 2004 ), however, cite an observation by Skarderud ( 2003 ) regarding commonalities between the methods used in classic psychoanalysis, for example in the promotion of free association and computer treatment.”
BackgroundComputer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pal, K., Eastwood, S. V., Michie, S., Farmer, A. J., Barnard, M., Peacock, R., & Murray, E. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008776 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Role of Tele-Mental Health in Therapy for Couples in Long-Distance Relationships
McCoy, M. A., Hjelmstad, L. R., & Stinson, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2013.836053 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Tele-mental health is defined as when mental health professionals (e.g., psychologists, social workers, couple and family therapists) provide therapeutic services by e-mail, chat, videoconferencing, or other web-based programs (Benderly, 2005; Finn, 2006; Newman, 2004; Täte & Zabinski, 2004).”
BackgroundAdherence to self-care interventions for depression or anxiety: A systematic review
Simco, R., McCusker, J., & Sewitch, M. J. (2014) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896913514738 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical Psychology for Trainees: Foundations of Science-Informed Practice
Page, A. C., & Stritzke, W. G. K. (2006) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139857109 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lampe, L. A. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903179111 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Research so far has suggested that computerized treatment is most effective, and otherwise high attrition rates ( 50%) are lowest when it is combined with some therapist interaction [112,113].”
BackgroundAnderson, P., Zimand, E., Schmertz, S. K., & Ferrer, M. (2007) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.02.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“COMPUTERIZED self-help programs are a popular alter-native and supplement to psychotherapy and offer several advantages for consumers, including increased availability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness (Mains & Scogin, 2003; Tate & Zabinski, 2004).”
Background
- Authors
- Tate, D. F., & Zabinski, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tate, Deborah F.
- ORCID
- Tate, Deborah F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-12-10
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-220
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W1978311647
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- internet-based psychological treatment, computer-assisted psychotherapy, asynchronous communication, synchronous communication, chat rooms, peer support, therapist feedback, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Computers, Biofeedback, Psychology, Feedback, Humans, Psychotherapy, Self Care, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface, Internet
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