The many facets of mindfulness and the prediction of change following mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR)
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) promotes numerous psychological benefits, but few studies have identified for whom MBSR is most effective. The current study tested the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness invites more “room to grow” and, thus, predicts greater improvement during MBSR. Method: We examined three facets of mindfulness (awareness, acceptance, decentering) among 131 MBSR participants prior to enrollment, to test the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness predicts greater improvements in perceived stress, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) following MBSR. Results: Lower acceptance and decentering predicted greater decreases in perceived stress. Higher awareness, acceptance, and decentering predicted greater increases in PA. Higher awareness predicted greater reductions in NA. Lower decentering predicted greater reductions in NA. Conclusion: Findings partly supported the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness predicts greater improvement following MBSR and emphasize the importance of assessing multiple mindfulness facets given their unique, contrasting relations to outcomes.
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Acceptance is a key facet of decentering, which is considered a fundamental mechanism of mindfulness.
“Acceptance is a key facet of decentering (ie, the ability to observe one's thoughts, feelings, and sensations as temporary mental events as opposed to true reflections of the self), 14 which is considered a fundamental mechanism of mindfulness”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) describe acceptance and decentering as components of mindfulness, but do not call acceptance a facet of decentering. The Discussion treats them as distinct facets and says research implicates decentering as a mechanism of change in mindfulness-based interventions. Thus, the mechanism and definition of decentering are supported, but the claimed relationship between acceptance and decentering is not. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe demographic profile of this sample reflected demographics reported at other large community MBSR programs at peer academic medical centers, lending confidence to the findings.
“the demographic profile of this sample reflected the demographics reported at other large community MBSR programs at peer academic medical centers, lending confidence to the findings.”
From Mindfulness Meditation Targets Transdiagnostic Symptoms Implicated in Stress-Related Disorders: Understanding Relationships between Changes in Mindfulness, Sleep Quality, and Physical Symptoms (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results describe this sample as mainly well-educated White women, and the paper describes a similarly composed community-based MBSR sample in its discussion of prior research. But our copy does not establish a comparison with programs at peer academic medical centers. The Limitations and Future Directions section instead cautions that findings from this sample may not generalize to all MBSR enrollees, so the claim that the demographic profile lends confidence to the findings overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe 2/3 response rate is comparable to open trials in similar academic medical settings.
“The 2/3 response rate, however, is comparable to open trials in similar academic medical settings [43–45].”
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“Therefore, we selected the CAMS-R since we plan to measure mindfulness over time and because it operationalizes mindfulness as a “trainable” trait (Gawrysiak et al., 2018), as it measures traits of mindfulness that could change with an intervention.”
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“For example, they could increase subjective wellbeing (e.g., Baer et al., 2006; Gawrysiak et al., 2017), decrease internal shame and increase optimism (e.”
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Xie, X., Qiao, X., Huang, C., & Cheung, S. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2240261 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Empirical studies have also shown that mindfulness increases the extent of PA while it reduces level of NA (Ding et al., 2021; Gawrysiak et al., 2018; Medvedev et al., 2021; Snippe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGrandi, F., Burgueño, L., & Muñiz, M. J. I. (2018) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2018.09.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Galante, J., Friedrich, C., Dalgleish, T., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058976 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lubbers, J., Spinhoven, P., Cladder-Micus, M. B., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Geurts, D. E. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02298-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…treatment response are scarce and showed inconsistent results: While some studies found baseline (facets of) mindfulness to significantly predict (Gawrysiak et al., 2018) or moderate (Kuyken et al., 2016; Nyklíček et al., 2016) MBI-treatment effects, others did not find significant moderation…”
Mindfulness enhancements predict aberrant salience reductions and improve stress management
Wießner, I., Souza, J. P., Demarzo, M., & Tófoli, L. F. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00179-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…the ability to redirect attention to the presence is related to reduced automatic emotional responses [41] and baseline awareness predicted greater positive and lower negative affect following MBSR [42], underscoring the importance of mindful attention and awareness for emotional regulation.”
Tu, Q., Huang, C., & Tu, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1405372 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Qu, W., Liu, H., Peng, Z., & Hu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1755245 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Petrovic, J., Mettler, J., Böke, B. N., Rogers, M., Hamza, C. A., Bloom, E. L., Genova, L. D., Romano, V., & Heath, N. L. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Galante, J., Friedrich, C., Dalgleish, T., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3gsv9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jensen, J. H., Flachs, E. M., Petersen, K. U., Sejbæk, C. S., Ross, L., Eller, N. H., & Khoury, B. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3110351/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Feng, Y. H., Wang, X., Di, B., Wan, F., Guo, Z., Zhang, H., & CHENG, L. (2025) · Journal of Posthumanism · doi:10.63332/joph.v5i6.2711 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maximizing Learning to Meeting the Multicultural Learner
Guerrero, G. L. (2021) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7736-3.ch013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fonia, D., & Aisenberg-Shafran, D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09911-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, partial support was given to the claim that lower baseline mindfulness levels may predict more significant improvements following MBSR in reduced perceived stress, enhanced positive affect, and reduced negative affect (Gawrysiak et al., 2018).”
BackgroundŠumec, R., Filip, P., Vyhnálek, M., Katina, S., Dorjee, D., Hort, J., & Sheardová, K. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02500-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Knowing that lower baseline mindfulness is associated with greater improvement after the training indicates that mindfulness programmes might be particularly relevant to this population (Gawrysiak et al., 2018).”
Palermo, S. M. (2019) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hall, S., & Siniscarco, M. (2020) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909120913045
Requejo, S. M., Koeneke, A., Rubio, J. L. M., & Soriano, M. J. S. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Research · doi:10.22533/at.ed.3173142302059
Making Meaning of Mindfulness in the Lives of Law School Students: A Phenomenological Study
Mitchell, L. B. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
A Study of Ontario Full-day Kindergarten Educators’ Responses to Children’s Emotions
Balter, A.-S. (2021) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Developing a prognostic model for stress reduction in patients with prolonged work‐related stress
Jensen, J. H., Rugulies, R., Flachs, E. M., Petersen, K. U., Ross, L., Eller, N. H., & Khoury, B. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3329
Kim, S.-I., & Hong, G. S. (2023) · Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.17079/jkgn.2023.00157
Mindfulness predicts reduced aberrant salience and improves stress managementPreprint
Wießner, I., Souza, J. P., Demarzo, M., & Tófoli, L. F. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4528848/v1
Revisiting Well-Being Interventions in Educational Contexts: State-of-the-Art and Future Avenues
Blasco‐Belled, A., Tejada‐Gallardo, C., Palomares-Pérez, A., & Alsinet, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00025-5_31
Herrera, L. J., & Roca, P. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105140
- Authors
- Gawrysiak, M. J., Grassetti, S. N., Greeson, J. M., Shorey, R. C., Pohlig, R., & Baime, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Delaware State University (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Rowan University (US)
- Ohio University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gawrysiak, Michael J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-16
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 523-535
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- PMC
- PMC5815955
- OpenAlex
- W2746358502
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- COBRE (P20-GM103653)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness facets, awareness, acceptance, decentering, perceived stress, positive affect, negative affect, treatment response prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Aged, Awareness, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Stress, Psychological, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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