The Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance and Stress Reactivity.

May combine two claims.

The effects of mindfulness on the hyperventilation challenge and neutralization task are clinically relevant because performance on such tasks correlates with symptoms of psychopathology and the tasks map closely onto procedures used in exposure therapy.

“The effects of mindfulness on the hyperventilation challenge and neutralization task are clinically relevant given that performance on such tasks correlates with symptoms of psychopathology (Cougle et al., 2011; Cougle et al., 2013; Marshall et al., 2008), and because the nature of the tasks maps on quite closely to procedures used in exposure therapy.”

• cites Cougle et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cougle et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Marshall et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pain tolerance on the cold pressor has been linked to negative mood and to abstinence in addiction.

“tolerance of physical pain in the cold pressor task has been associated with negative mood and addiction abstinence”

• cites MacPherson, Stipelman, Duplinsky, Brown, & Lejuez, 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Methods (2.2 Measures; page unavailable) identify the cold pressor task as a measure of pain tolerance. The Results (4.3; page unavailable) link longer persistence on that task to entering smoking treatment among men, but not women. The paper does not establish a link between cold-pressor tolerance and negative mood or addiction abstinence; treatment entry is not abstinence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Very brief mindfulness instructions without practice reduced persistence on the cold pressor relative to a spontaneous coping control.

“ultra-brief mindfulness instructions with no opportunity to practice led to a decreased task persistence in the cold pressor compared to a spontaneous coping control”

• cites Evans, Eisenlohr-Moul, Button, Baer, and Segerstrom (2014) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The literature is inconsistent about whether higher trait mindfulness predicts greater benefit from mindfulness interventions.

“A number of studies have shown that those higher in trait mindfulness benefit more from mindfulness interventions”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged

  “However, results are not always consistent, as some studies have shown that lower trait mindfulness predicts better response to mindfulness interventions”

• cites Keng, Robins, Smoski, Dagenbach, & Leary, 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (no page supplied) report that higher trait mindfulness predicted greater decreases in sadness, but the association held across all conditions; there was no significant interaction showing greater benefit specifically from mindfulness training. The Discussion (no page supplied) does not establish that a number of studies found this pattern. Its discussion of inconsistent findings concerns mindfulness versus reappraisal, not whether trait mindfulness predicts intervention benefit. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Laurent, Laurent, Nelson, Wright, & Sanchez, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Reiner, Granot, Soffer, & Lipsitz, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Various forms of distress may matter more for different psychological problems.

“different types of distress may be more relevant for distinct psychological issues”

• cites Leyro et al., 2010 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Interoceptive distress during a hyperventilation challenge is associated with panic symptomology.

“the interoceptive distress involved in a hyperventilation challenge is associated with panic symptomology”

• cites Marshall et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Method (Procedure; Challenge Measures) says hyperventilation elicits panic-related symptoms and uses persistence on the challenge to measure tolerance of interoceptive distress. The Discussion reports that, among daily smokers, a panic attack during the first challenge was associated with lower distress tolerance during a second challenge. It does not directly test whether the intensity of interoceptive distress during a challenge is associated with panic symptom severity. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness-based strategies during exposure are associated with declining distress levels.

“This idea is also supported by research showing mindfulness-based strategies during exposure are associated with declining distress levels (Brake et al., 2016)”

• cites Brake et al., 2016 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The benefits of facets of mindfulness like observing and acting with awareness may depend on the presence of sufficient levels of nonjudgment and nonreactivity.

“This could be particularly fruitful in the context of research suggesting that the benefits of facets of mindfulness like observing and acting with awareness may depend on the presence of sufficient levels of nonjudgment and nonreactivity (Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnig, Lynam, & Baer, 2012; Peters, Eisenlohr-Moul, Upton, & Baer, 2013).”

• cites Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnig, Lynam, & Baer, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports that observing was associated with less alcohol and tobacco use at higher levels of nonreactivity. But the paper explicitly did not examine acting with awareness, and it found no predictive interaction between observing and nonjudging. Its findings therefore do not support extending the claim to both facets or both proposed conditions. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Peters, Eisenlohr-Moul, Upton, & Baer, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

No effect of condition was seen on SUDS for the cold pressor (B = −1.98, SE = 3.78, p = 0.91, sr2 = 0.00) or hyperventilation (B = −5.07, SE = 4.15, p = 0.22, sr2 = 0.00) when controlling for gender, pre-intervention distress, and, for hyperventilation, tidal volume ratio.

“Specifically, no effect of condition was seen for cold pressor (B = −1.98, SE = 3.78, p = 0.91, sr2 = 0.00) or hyperventilation (B = −5.07, SE = 4.15, p = 0.22, sr2 = 0.00) when controlling for gender, pre-intervention distress, and in the case of hyperventilation, tidal volume ratio.”

May combine two claims.

For the hyperventilation challenge, condition had a significant effect on task persistence after controlling for pre-intervention persistence, gender, tidal volume ratio, and FFMQ; participants receiving mindfulness training persisted longer than controls (B = 61.34, SE = 12.10, p < 0.001), and condition uniquely accounted for 10.9% of variance.

“Results of the hierarchical linear regression in Table 2 indicate that condition had a significant effect on task persistence after controlling for pre-intervention persistence, gender, tidal volume ratio, and FFMQ. Specifically, participants receiving mindfulness training persisting longer than those in the control condition (B = 61.34, SE = 12.10, p < 0.001). The squared semi-partial correlation”

May combine two claims.

Condition uniquely accounted for 8.7% and FFMQ uniquely accounted for 4.6% of post-neutralization urges.

“Semi-partial correlation coefficients signified that condition uniquely accounted for 8.7% and FFMQ uniquely accounted for 4.6% of post-neutralization urges.”

May combine two claims.

For the cold pressor task, controlling for gender, pre-intervention task persistence, and trait mindfulness, the effect of condition on post-intervention task persistence did not reach significance (B = 10.09, SE = 5.98, p = 0.09, sr2 = 0.017), though it was in the expected direction and accounted for an additional 1.6% of variance.

“Controlling for gender, pre-intervention task persistence, and trait mindfulness, the effect of condition on post-intervention task persistence did not reach significance (B = 10.09, SE = 5.98, p = 0.09, sr2 = 0.017), though results were in the expected direction such that those in the mindfulness condition persisted longer than those in the control condition. The squared semi-partial correlation”

May combine two claims.

For the neutralization task, indirect effects through the individual Nonreact (B = −0.64, SE = 0.30, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.09) and Nonjudge (B = −1.02, SE = 0.38, 95% CI = −1.85 to −0.35) items were significant.

“However, there was a similar pattern of results to the cold pressor in that the indirect effects through the individual Nonreact (B = −0.64, SE = 0.30, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.09) and Nonjudge (B = −1.02, SE = 0.38, 95% CI = −1.85 to −0.35) items were significant (see Figure 2).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The self-report measure of mindfulness use during the tasks validly captures the mindfulness skills it is intended to measure.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness use significantly predicted a lower likelihood of engaging in neutralization behavior (B = −0.23, SE = 0.12, p = 0.48, OR = 0.79).

“In addition, mindfulness use significantly predicted a lower likelihood of engaging in neutralization behavior (B = −0.23, SE = 0.12, p = 0.48, OR = 0.79).”

May combine two claims.

For the cold pressor task, exploratory mediation analyses with individual mindfulness use items showed significant indirect effects through Nonreact (B = 5.37, SE = 2.66, 95% CI = 0.95 to 11.25) and Nonjudge (B = 6.63, SE = 3.61, 95% CI = 0.42 to 14.63).

“Exploratory mediation analyses with individual mindfulness use items revealed that this effect was the result of the Nonreact and Nonjudge items, as there was a significant indirect effect of condition on cold pressor task through Nonreact (B = 5.37, SE = 2.66, 95% CI = 0.95 to 11.25) and Nonjudge (B = 6.63, SE = 3.61, 95% CI = 0.42 to 14.63) (see Figure 2).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The self-report measure of mindfulness use during the tasks validly captures the mindfulness skills it is intended to measure.

May combine two claims.

For the cold pressor task, neither the main effect of FFMQ nor the condition by FFMQ interaction was significant.

“Neither the main effect of FFMQ or the condition by FFMQ interaction were significant.”

May combine two claims.

There were significant main effects of condition and FFMQ on post-neutralization urges to neutralize, such that greater FFMQ and being in the mindfulness condition predicted significantly weaker urges after the one minute neutralization period.

“In addition, there were significant main effects of condition and FFMQ on post-neutralization urges to neutralize, such that greater FFMQ and being in the mindfulness condition predicted significantly weaker urges after the one minute neutralization period.”

May combine two claims.

No effect of condition was seen on SUDS change at either time point, or on post-rumination neutralization urges.

“No effect of condition was seen on SUDS change at either time point, or on post-rumination neutralization urges.”

May combine two claims.

Self-reported mindfulness use significantly correlated with change in task persistence for the cold pressor (r = 0.30, p = 0.004) and hyperventilation (r = 0.32, p = 0.02) tasks.

“Self-reported mindfulness use significantly correlated with change in task persistence for the cold pressor (r = 0.30, p = 0.004) and hyperventilation (r = 0.32, p = 0.02).”

May combine two claims.

For the cold pressor task, although the direct effect of condition on task persistence did not reach significance, there was a significant indirect effect through self-reported mindfulness use during the task (B = 11.18, SE = 4.64, 95% CI = 2.90 to 20.86).

“For the cold pressor task, although the direct effect of condition on task persistence did not reach significance (p = 0.09, reported above), there was a significant indirect effect through self-reported mindfulness use during the task (B = 11.18, SE = 4.64, 95% CI = 2.90 to 20.86).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The self-report measure of mindfulness use during the tasks validly captures the mindfulness skills it is intended to measure.

May combine two claims.

For the hyperventilation challenge, there was no main effect of FFMQ, and the interaction between FFMQ and condition approached but did not reach significance (B = −1.55, SE = .81, p = 0.054), accounting for 2.2% of unique variance; greater FFMQ resulted in a smaller effect of mindfulness training on task persistence compared to control.

“There was no main effect of FFMQ, and the interaction between FFMQ and condition approached but did not reach significance (B = −1.55, SE = .81, p = 0.054). The direction of this effect was such that greater FFMQ resulted in a smaller effect of mindfulness training on task persistence compared to the no instructions control. The squared semi-partial correlation”

May combine two claims.

Paired samples t-tests showed no significant pre- to post-intervention differences in tidal volume during the hyperventilation challenge for either the mindfulness condition (t(46) = 1.45, p = 0.15, d = 0.22) or the control condition (t(48) = 1.04, p = 0.30, d = 0.16).

“Paired samples t-tests demonstrated that there were no significant differences in tidal volume during the hyperventilation challenge from pre- to post-intervention for either mindfulness (t(46) = 1.45, p = 0.15, d = 0.22) or control (t(48) = 1.04, p = 0.30, d = 0.16) participants.”

May combine two claims.

The most common neutralization behavior was visualizing the accident with a more positive or neutral outcome (37.7%), followed by destroying or altering the sentence (24.5%), turning over or concealing the paper (21.7%), carrying out a superstitious act (13.2%), and using a religious strategy (5.7%).

“The most common behavior was to visualize the accident but with a more positive or neutral outcome, a strategy endorsed by 37.7% of the participants. This was followed by destroying or altering the sentence (24.5%), turning over or concealing the paper (21.7%), carrying out a superstitious act (13.2%) and using a religious strategy (5.7%).”

May combine two claims.

Interactions of condition with FFMQ-Observe (B = 3.80, SE = 3.03, p = 0.21, sr2 = 0.00) and FFMQ-Describe (B = −.095, SE = 2.38, p = 0.97, sr2 = 0.01) were not significant.

“whereas interactions with FFMQ-Observe (B = 3.80, SE = 3.03, p = 0.21, sr2 = 0.00) and FFMQ-Describe (B = −.095, SE = 2.38, p = 0.97, sr2 = 0.01) were not significant.”

May combine two claims.

There was a trend toward significance for the interaction of condition with FFMQ-Nonreact (B = −5.90, SE = 3.14, p = 0.06, sr2 = 0.021) and FFMQ-Nonjudge (B = −3.67, SE = 1.90, p = 0.06, sr2 = 0.022).

“There was a trend toward significance for the interaction of condition with FFMQ-Nonreact (B = −5.90, SE = 3.14, p = 0.06, sr2 = 0.021) and FFMQ-Nonjudge (B = −3.67, SE = 1.90, p = 0.06, sr2 = 0.022), whereas interactions with FFMQ-Observe (B = 3.80, SE = 3.03, p = 0.21, sr2 = 0.00) and FFMQ-Describe (B = −.095, SE = 2.38, p = 0.97, sr2 = 0.01) were not significant.”

May combine two claims.

The main effect of FFMQ and the interaction of FFMQ and condition were non-significant for both the cold pressor (p > 0.30) and hyperventilation challenge (p > 0.50).

“Similar to the task persistence results, the main effect of FFMQ and the interaction of FFMQ and condition were non-significant for both the cold pressor (p > 0.30) and hyperventilation challenge (p > 0.50).”

May combine two claims.

Higher trait mindfulness is associated with greater self-reported distress tolerance and greater persistence on behavioral distress tolerance tasks.

“individuals who are higher in trait mindfulness have been found to have greater scores on self-reported measures of DT”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “as well as greater task persistence on behavioral measures of DT”

• cites Hsu, Collins & Marlatt, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Luberto et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Arch & Craske, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In people with borderline personality disorder, mindfulness instructions given after anger induction reduced anger and improved persistence on a difficult arithmetic task.

“mindfulness instructions following an anger induction in individuals with borderline personality disorder led to decreased anger and increased task persistence during a cognitively challenging arithmetic task”

• cites Sauer & Baer, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A brief mindfulness training can increase distress tolerance without changing the subjective experience of distress.

“These results suggest that a brief mindfulness training can increase DT without affecting the subjective experience of distress.”

May combine two claims.

During the cold pressor, mindfulness instructions produced longer persistence and lower distress ratings than spontaneous coping or distraction controls.

“mindfulness-based instructions have been shown to lead to greater task persistence and reduced distress ratings compared to spontaneous coping and distraction controls during the cold pressor task”

• cites Liu, Wang, Chang, Chen & Si, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Masedo & Esteve, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness may increase distress tolerance by making distressing experiences seem less threatening and by shifting attention to current experience rather than negative reactions.

“Mindfulness may increase DT by causing emotional or other distressing experiences to be seen as less threatening and unpleasant, and by refocusing attention toward the current experience rather than negative reactions about current distress”

• cites Lotan, Tanay & Bernstein, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The bootstrap procedure for estimating indirect effects provides greater power and Type 1 error control than traditional mediation approaches and does not assume a normal sampling distribution for the indirect effect.

“This method provides greater power and Type 1 error control compared to traditional mediation approaches, and does not rely on the assumption that the sampling distribution of the indirect effect is normal (Hayes, 2013).”

• cites Hayes, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the hyperventilation challenge, tidal volume ratio data were missing for seven participants because of equipment failure.

“For the hyperventilation challenge, data on tidal volume ratio from seven participants were missing as a result of equipment failure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The mindfulness intervention was based on MBCT principles, tested with clinicians, and refined using their feedback.

“The mindfulness intervention used in this study was based off the principles of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy”

• Also stated in: § Mindfulness Intervention · plain

  “Initial versions of the intervention were tested with several clinicians with expertise in mindfulness, and feedback was incorporated in order to refine the procedures.”

• cites Segal, Williams & Teasdale, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Task order and condition were assigned by a computerized randomization algorithm before the first participant began.

“Randomization of task order and condition was conducted using a computerized randomization algorithm prior to running the first participant.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants who reached the maximum time at baseline were removed from that task's analyses to avoid artificially limiting improvement and to increase power.

“participants who hit the maximum allotted time for each task at baseline were eliminated from analyses for that task. This was done in order to avoid artificially restricting improvements made from the first to second task, thereby increasing power to detect an effect of the intervention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mindfulness participants completed five multiple-choice comprehension questions, and the experimenter explained any incorrect answers.

“those in the mindfulness condition answered five multiple choice questions to assess comprehension of the mindfulness training, and for any questions that the participants answered incorrectly, the experimenter provided an explanation of the correct response.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

On the neutralization task, neutralizing actions and anxiety predict more obsessive-compulsive symptoms, especially obsessions, and also predict self-reported distress tolerance.

“Neutralization behavior (e.g. crossing the written sentence out) and anxiety during this task have been shown to predict greater symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly obsessions, as well as self-reported DT”

• cites Cougle et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cougle, Timpano, Fitch, & Hawkins, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The DASS had Cronbach's alphas between 0.75 and 0.88 in the present sample.

“Cronbach’s alpha in the present sample was between 0.75 and 0.88 for the three.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People with higher trait mindfulness improved more in heat pain sensitivity after a short mindfulness training.

“Reiner et al. (2015) found that higher trait mindfulness led to greater improvement in heat pain sensitivity following a brief mindfulness training.”

• cites Reiner et al. (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The results may not generalize to other samples, particularly clinical populations, because the study used an unselected undergraduate sample.

“Other limitations to this study include that it was conducted with an unselected undergraduate sample. Whether these results generalize to other samples, particularly clinical populations, remains to be tested.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For the cold pressor task, 17 participants were eliminated because they reached the cutoff point during the pre-intervention task, leaving 90 participants for analysis.

“Seventeen participants were eliminated from the analysis because they reached the cutoff point (180 seconds) during the pre-intervention task, leaving 90 participants for the analysis.”

May combine two claims.

The distress tasks successfully induced distress, as mean changes in SUDS from before each task to peak were significantly different from zero for both cold pressor and hyperventilation.

“Mean changes in SUDS from before each distress task to the peak were significantly different from zero, showing the tasks successfully induced distress (Cold Pressor: M = 39.61, SD = 22.20, t(89) = 16.93, p < 0.001, d = 1.78; Hyperventilation M = 32.82, SD = 19.68, t(93) = 16.17, p < 0.001, d = 1.67).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gender was included as a covariate in the regression models.

“Step one of each regression model included gender and either pre-intervention SUDS increase or task persistence for the relevant distress task. Gender was included as a covariate given previous literature suggesting differences in pain sensitivity and DT between men and women”

• cites Bunaciu et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There was no difference between participants randomized to the mindfulness and control conditions in gender, race, or age.

“No difference was seen between participants randomized to the mindfulness (n = 53) or control (n = 54) conditions in gender (χ2 (1) = 0.23, p = 0.69, φ = 0.05), race (χ2 (3) = 2.24, p = 0.52, φ = 0.15), age (t(104) = 1.54, p = 0.13, d = 0.30).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Control participants heard calming music to match the time and possible relaxation from the mindfulness meditation.

“Participants assigned to the control condition listened to relaxing music to account for time and any relaxing effects of the mindfulness meditation.”

May combine two claims.

In nicotine-deprived smokers, a short mindfulness intervention had no main effect on distress during hyperventilation, but it removed the link between low self-reported distress tolerance and distress in that task.

“did not find a main effect of a brief mindfulness intervention on subjective distress during a hyperventilation challenge with nicotine-deprived smokers, though the intervention did eliminate the effect of low self-reported DT on distress during the task”

• cites Paz, Zvielli, Goldstein and Bernstein (2017) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The comparison condition controlled for practice effects on the cold pressor and hyperventilation tasks, time, and relaxation from the mindfulness meditation, but it did not include explicit instructions for how to respond to distress during the second set of tasks.

“Although our comparison condition controlled for practice effects on the cold pressor and hyperventilation tasks, as well as the effect of time and feelings of relaxation resulting from the mindfulness meditation, it did not involve explicit instructions for how to respond to distress during the second set of tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Those reporting strong distress tied to a traumatic car accident memory were left out of the neutralization task to prevent confounding.

“Participants who reported intense emotional distress resulting from a traumatic memory of a car accident were excluded from this task, as the distress related to such a memory could amplify the distress caused by imagining a similar event during the task, thereby confounding results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Control participants were monitored to ensure they stayed awake.

“participants were merely instructed to listen to the music and were monitored to ensure they stayed awake.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Baseline differences in persistence between conditions led to the mirror tracing task being dropped from analysis.

“this task was excluded from the analysis because of baseline differences in task persistence between the two experimental conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multiple imputation with fully conditional specification was used to generate plausible values for the missing tidal volume ratio data.

“We then used multiple imputation methods with fully conditional specification (van Buuren, 2007) to generate plausible values for the missing data.”

• cites van Buuren, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The respiration signal was dimensionless and un-calibrated, so it could only be used as a within-subject ratio to assess tidal volume changes in one session.

“The respiration signal is dimensionless and un-calibrated, and thus is only usable as a ratio within subjects to assess changes in tidal volume within a single experimental session.”

May combine two claims.

There was no difference between groups in baseline FFMQ, anxiety, stress, or depression.

“Table 1 also shows there was no difference between groups in baseline FFMQ, anxiety, stress or depression.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The neutralization task was not given before the intervention to avoid priming neutralization behaviors and compliance problems.

“Unlike the other tasks, the neutralization task was not administered prior to the intervention. Doing so may have compromised the validity of the second administration of the task by priming the use of neutralization behaviors due to prior questions about their use, as well as possible lack of compliance with rumination instructions”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A power analysis using GPower indicated that a medium effect size (f2 = 0.15) for the main effect of intervention would require 68 participants to achieve 80% power at alpha .05 when relevant covariates are included.

“Power analyses using GPower indicated that when including relevant covariates in the model, a medium effect size (f2 = 0.15) for the main effect of intervention would require a sample size of 68 to achieve 80% power with an alpha level of .05.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Assumptions of linear regression were tested, including normality, homoscedasticity, independence of residuals, absence of multicollinearity, and outliers, and the data were determined suitable for linear regression.

“Assumptions of linear regression were tested, including normality, homoscedasticity and independence of residuals, absence of multicollinearity, and the presence of outliers. Data were determined to be suitable for linear regression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Among daily smokers, a short mindfulness exercise had no impact on mirror-tracing persistence and only a marginal effect on self-reported distress.

“a brief mindfulness exercise did not have any effect on task persistence in the mirror-tracing task in a sample of daily smokers, and had just a marginally significant effect on subjective distress”

• cites Luberto and McLeish (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pre-post tidal volume ratio was included as a covariate for all analyses of the hyperventilation challenge.

“Nonetheless, pre-post tidal volume ratio was included as a covariate for all analyses of the hyperventilation challenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the cold pressor task, there was no difference in FFMQ, anxiety, depression, or stress scores between participants excluded from the analyses and those included.

“There was no difference in FFMQ, anxiety, depression, or stress scores between participants who were excluded from the analyses and those who did not (ps > 0.24).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The FFMQ had Cronbach's alphas from 0.67 to 0.91 for its five factors and 0.86 for the full scale.

“Cronbach’s alpha for the five factors ranged from 0.67 to 0.91, and for the full scale was 0.86.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the hyperventilation challenge, 13 participants were eliminated because they reached the cutoff point during the pre-intervention task, leaving 94 participants for analysis.

“Thirteen participants were eliminated from the analysis because they reached the cutoff point (300 seconds) during the pre-intervention task, leaving 94 participants for the analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All mediation analyses included gender as a covariate, and pre-intervention task persistence was controlled for in the hyperventilation and cold pressor analyses.

“All mediation analyses included gender as a covariate, and pre-intervention task persistence was also controlled for in the analyses of the hyperventilation and cold pressor tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tidal volume was recorded to verify that breathing did not change after the mindfulness intervention, and it was used as a covariate.

“Tidal volume throughout the task was also recorded to ensure that participants did not breathe differently after the mindfulness intervention, and this variable was included as a covariate in data analysis.”

May combine two claims.

There were no significant differences between conditions in number of participants included, baseline task persistence, or baseline SUDS increase for either the cold pressor or hyperventilation tasks.

“There were no significant differences between conditions in number of participants included (i.e. participants who did not reach maximum time during first task), baseline task persistence, or baseline SUDS increase for either the Cold Pressor or Hyperventilation tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of tasks participants completed may have produced fatigue that affected their behavior and subjective distress.

“Second, given the number of tasks that participants had to complete over the course of the experiment, there may have been an effect of fatigue on participants’ behavior and subjective distress.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Mindfulness Use Questions had reduced internal consistency because of the reverse-scored act with awareness item, so that item was removed; the remaining four items had alpha 0.81.

“Internal consistency for the five items was diminished as a result of the reverse-scored item (Act with awareness), so the item was eliminated. With the remaining four items, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Changes in mindful non-reactivity mediate the effect of exposure therapy on health anxiety.

“and that changes in mindful non-reactivity mediate the effect of exposure therapy on health anxiety (Hedman, Hesser, Andersson, Axelsson, & Ljótsson, 2017)”

• cites Hedman, Hesser, Andersson, Axelsson, & Ljótsson, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A brief present moment awareness training negates the impact of low self-reported distress tolerance on subjective distress.

“and that a brief present moment awareness training negates the impact of low self-reported DT on subjective distress (Paz et al., 2017)”

• cites Paz et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Performance on tasks requiring a substantial degree of self-control declines over time.

“Research has shown that performance on tasks requiring a substantial degree of self-control declines over time (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010).”

• cites Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Meta-analytic research shows that among outcomes improved by mindfulness interventions, the largest effect sizes are seen on anxiety symptoms and the smallest on pain.

“Meta-analytic research, for instance, has shown that of the many outcomes which mindfulness interventions have been shown to improve, the largest effect sizes are seen on symptoms of anxiety, while the smallest are seen for pain (Khoury et al., 2013).”

• cites Khoury et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Trait mindfulness significantly predicts task persistence.

“it has been demonstrated that trait mindfulness significantly predicts task persistence (Arch & Craske, 2010)”

• cites Arch & Craske, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source