Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?
Open accessAbstract
It is generally accepted that women tend to ruminate more than men do and these thought patterns are often associated with depressive symptoms (Nolen‐Hoeksema et al., ). Based on these findings, we considered whether the relationship between rumination and depression is stronger in women than in men and if so, whether this might explain the higher prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women and finally, whether the association can be disrupted through a mind/body intervention. Adult men and women, most of whom were clinically depressed, participated in an intervention known as MAP Training, which combines “mental” training with silent meditation and “physical” training with aerobic exercise (Shors et al., ). After eight weeks of training, both men and women reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression and fewer ruminative thoughts (Alderman et al., ). Statistical correlations between depressive symptoms and ruminative thoughts were strong and significant (rho > 0.50; p < 0.05) for both men and women before and after MAP Training. However, only in women did depressive symptoms relate to “reflective” ruminations, which involve analyses of past events, feelings, and behaviors. This is also the only relationship that dissipated after the intervention. In general, these analyses suggest that the strength of the relationship between depressive symptoms and rumination does not necessarily explain sex differences in depression; but because the relationship is strong, targeting rumination through intervention can reduce the incidence of MDD, which is more prevalent among women. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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- Authors
- Shors, T. J., Millon, E. M., Chang, H. Y. M., Olson, R. L., & Alderman, B. L.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- University of North Texas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shors, Tracey J.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-11-07
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 711-718
- ISSN
- 0360-4012 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4547
- OpenAlex
- W2551883194
- Semantic Scholar
- 3de0acd60aebd10ced0d2db9b171c941e05e0dac
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- rumination, sex differences, depression, major depressive disorder, mind-body interventions, aerobic exercise, meditation, reflective rumination, ruminative thoughts
- MeSH terms
- Child, Depression, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Differentiation, Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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