Meditation and aerobic exercise enhance mental health outcomes and pattern separation learning without changing heart rate variability in women with HIV
Open accessAbstract
Mental and physical (MAP) training targets the brain and the body through a combination of focused-attention meditation and aerobic exercise. The following feasibility pilot study tested whether 6 weeks of MAP training improves mental health outcomes, while enhancing discrimination learning and heart rate variability (HRV) in a group of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other stress-related conditions. Participants were assigned to training (n = 18) or no-training control (n = 8) groups depending on their ability and willingness to participate, and if their schedule allowed. Training sessions were held once a week for 6 weeks with 30 min of meditation followed by 30 min of aerobic exercise. Before and after 6 weeks of training, participants completed the Behavioral Pattern Separation Task as a measure of discrimination learning, self-report questionnaires of ruminative and trauma-related thoughts, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, and an assessment of HRV at rest. After training, participants reported fewer ruminative and trauma-related thoughts, fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms, and less perceived stress (p's < 0.05). The positive impact on ruminative thoughts and depressive symptoms persisted 6 months after training. They also demonstrated enhanced discrimination of similar patterns of information (p < 0.05). HRV did not change after training (p > 0.05). Combining mental and physical training is an effective program for enhancing mental health and aspects of cognition in women living with HIV, although not necessarily through variance in heart rate.
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Studies suggest MAP Training increases discrimination learning during a pattern separation task associated with neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
“In addition, studies suggest an increase in the volume of oxygen consumption as measured with VO2 (Shors et al., 2014), synchronous brain activity as measured with electroencephalography (EEG) during cognitive control (Alderman et al., 2016), and discrimination learning during a pattern separation task associated with neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus (Millon et al., 2022).”
From Mental and physical training with meditation and aerobic exercise improved mental health and well-being in teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Millon et al., 2022
The Results section (page unavailable) reports increased pattern-separation scores after MAP Training, but only among eight participants selected for at least 80% recognition-memory accuracy. The Discussion associates this discrimination task with hippocampal neurogenesis; the paper does not show that training increased neurogenesis. The citing sentence omits the subgroup restriction on the reported learning improvement. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Shors, T. J., & Millon, E. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.04.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationQuigley, A., Brouillette, M., Gahagan, J., O’Brien, K. K., & MacKay-Lyons, M. J. (2020) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/2325958220935698 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Demmin, D. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Shors, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.847301 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGerlach, D. A., Manuel, J., Hoff, A., Kronsbein, H., Hoffmann, F., Heusser, K., Ehmke, H., Diedrich, A., Jordan, J., Tank, J., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00193 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Millon, E. M., & Shors, T. J. (2020) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101680 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationThompson, M., & Dale, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01009-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise on Neuropsychological Performance in Asymptomatic HIV Infection
Honn, V. J., Para, M. F., Whitacre, C. C., et al. (1999) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025471503738 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Millon, E. M., Chang, H. Y. M., & Shors, T. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00311 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomic Modulation Following Exercise is Impaired in HIV Patients
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Validation of a brief measure of HIV health‐related anxiety among women living with HIV
Schulte, M. T., Marelich, W. D., Payne, D. L., Tarantino, N., Armistead, L. P., & Murphy, D. A. (2018) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21876 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Use Among African American Women in HIV Care
Hutton, H. E., Cardin, N., Ereme, K., Chander, G., Xu, X., & McCaul, M. E. (2020) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02858-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Taking Neurogenesis out of the Lab and into the World with MAP Train My BrainTM.
Millon, E. M., & Shors, T. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112154 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationQuiles, N. N., Taylor, B. S., & Ortíz, A. (2019) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2019.0194 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Dolan SE Frontera W Librizzi J Ljungquist K Juan S Dorman R Cole ME Kanter JR Grinspoon S Effects of a supervised home-based aerobic and progressive resistance training regimen in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus Archives of Internal Medicine 2006 166 11 1225 1231 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1225 16772251 PMC3205443 · DOI
- Ramirez-Garcia MP Gagnon M-P Colson S Côté J Flores-Aranda J Dupont M Mind-body practices for people living with HIV: A systematic scoping review BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 19 1 125 10.1186/s12906-019-2502-z 31185970 PMC6560810 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Demmin, D. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Shors, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.847301 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In another study, women living with HIV reported similar outcomes after only one in-person session a week for 6 weeks (Millon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Millon, E. M., Lehrer, P. M., & Shors, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Millon, Emma M.
- Venue
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Published
- 2022-01-17
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-42
- ISSN
- 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1090-0586
- 1573-3270
- PMC
- PMC8763305
- OpenAlex
- W4206397880
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- meditation, aerobic exercise, HIV, women living with HIV, mental health, pattern separation, discrimination learning, heart rate variability, rumination, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, cognitive enhancement
- MeSH terms
- Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Pilot Projects, Exercise, HIV Infections, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Meditation
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